Gramática de inglês

Subject Pronouns (Subject Pronouns) é um conceito gramatical de nível A1 em inglês. Personal subject pronouns (I, you, he, she, it, we, they). Used as the subject of verbs. Note: 'you' is both singular and plural, formal and informal.

To Be - Present Tense (To Be - Present) é um conceito gramatical de nível A1 em inglês. The verb 'to be' (am, is, are) in present tense. Used for identity, descriptions, locations, age, time, and with adjectives. Contractions: I'm, you're, he's, she's, it's, we're, they're.

Articles: a/an, the (Articles) é um conceito gramatical de nível A1 em inglês. Definite article 'the' and indefinite articles 'a/an'. Use 'an' before vowel sounds (an apple, an hour). No article with plurals for general statements.

Singular and Plural Nouns (Plural Formation) é um conceito gramatical de nível A1 em inglês. Regular plurals add -s or -es. Special patterns: -y→-ies (city→cities), -f/-fe→-ves (knife→knives). Irregular plurals: man→men, child→children, foot→feet, tooth→teeth, person→people.

To Have - Present Tense (To Have - Present) é um conceito gramatical de nível A1 em inglês. The verb 'to have' (have, has) in present tense. Third person singular uses 'has'. Contractions: I've, you've, he's, she's, we've, they've. 'Have got' is common in British English.

Present Simple (Present Simple) é um conceito gramatical de nível A1 em inglês. Present simple for habits, routines, facts, and schedules. Add -s/-es for third person singular (he works, she watches). Time markers: always, usually, often, sometimes, never, every day.

Present Simple - Negative (Present Simple Negative) é um conceito gramatical de nível A1 em inglês. Negative form with do not (don't) / does not (doesn't) + base verb. Main verb never takes -s in negative. Contractions common in speech.

Present Simple - Questions (Present Simple Questions) é um conceito gramatical de nível A1 em inglês. Questions with Do/Does + subject + base verb. Do for I/you/we/they, Does for he/she/it. Main verb never takes -s in questions.

Demonstratives: this, that, these, those (Demonstratives) é um conceito gramatical de nível A1 em inglês. Demonstrative pronouns and adjectives. This/these for things near, that/those for things far. This/that (singular), these/those (plural).

Possessive Adjectives (Possessive Adjectives) é um conceito gramatical de nível A1 em inglês. Possessive adjectives (my, your, his, her, its, our, their) show ownership. Come before nouns. Note: 'its' (possessive) vs 'it's' (it is).

Object Pronouns (Object Pronouns) é um conceito gramatical de nível A1 em inglês. Object pronouns (me, you, him, her, it, us, them) replace noun objects. Used after verbs and prepositions.

There is / There are (There is / There are) é um conceito gramatical de nível A1 em inglês. Existential 'there' to introduce new information. There is + singular/uncountable, There are + plural. Contractions: There's. Question: Is there...? Are there...?

Prepositions of Place (Prepositions of Place) é um conceito gramatical de nível A1 em inglês. Basic location prepositions: in, on, at, under, behind, in front of, next to, between. At for specific points, in for enclosed spaces, on for surfaces.

Prepositions of Time (Prepositions of Time) é um conceito gramatical de nível A1 em inglês. Time prepositions: at (specific times), on (days/dates), in (months/years/periods). No preposition with this, next, last, every.

Can - Ability & Permission (Can) é um conceito gramatical de nível A1 em inglês. Modal verb 'can' for ability and permission. Same form for all persons. Negative: can't/cannot. Question: Can you...?

Question Words (Question Words) é um conceito gramatical de nível A1 em inglês. WH-question words: what, where, when, who, why, how. Word order: question word + auxiliary + subject + main verb. How + adjective/adverb for degree.

Which, How much, How many (Which, How much/many) é um conceito gramatical de nível A1 em inglês. Question words for selection and quantity. Which for choices, How much for uncountable nouns, How many for countable nouns.

Cardinal Numbers (Cardinal Numbers) é um conceito gramatical de nível A1 em inglês. Numbers 0-100. Hyphen in compound numbers (twenty-one). Hundred without 'a' in numbers (one hundred). Ordinals for dates.

Ordinal Numbers (Ordinal Numbers) é um conceito gramatical de nível A1 em inglês. Ordinal numbers: first (1st), second (2nd), third (3rd), then -th (4th, 5th...). Irregular: fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth. Used for dates and rankings.

Telling Time (Telling Time) é um conceito gramatical de nível A1 em inglês. Telling time: o'clock, half past, quarter past/to, minutes past/to. Digital format common in American English. 'At' for specific times.

Days, Months, Dates (Days and Months) é um conceito gramatical de nível A1 em inglês. Days of the week and months always capitalized. Date formats: British (15th May), American (May 15th). On + day, in + month.

Basic Adjectives (Basic Adjectives) é um conceito gramatical de nível A1 em inglês. Adjectives describe nouns. No agreement (same form for singular/plural). Position: before noun (a big house) or after be (The house is big).

Adverbs of Frequency (Frequency Adverbs) é um conceito gramatical de nível A1 em inglês. Frequency adverbs: always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, never. Position: before main verb, after 'be'. Time expressions: every day, once a week.

Countable vs Uncountable Nouns (Countable/Uncountable) é um conceito gramatical de nível A1 em inglês. Countable nouns have plurals (a book, books). Uncountable nouns have no plural (water, information, advice). Different quantifiers for each type.

Some and Any (Some and Any) é um conceito gramatical de nível A1 em inglês. Some for affirmative sentences and offers/requests. Any for negatives and questions. Some + uncountable/plural. Any in questions = general, some = expecting yes.

Imperatives (Imperatives) é um conceito gramatical de nível A1 em inglês. Commands and instructions using base verb. No subject. Negative: Don't + verb. Polite: Please + imperative. Let's for suggestions.

Basic Conjunctions (Basic Conjunctions) é um conceito gramatical de nível A1 em inglês. Coordinating conjunctions: and, but, or, so, because. Join words, phrases, or clauses. No comma before and/or in British English (often used in American).

Present Continuous (Present Continuous) é um conceito gramatical de nível A1 em inglês. Present continuous (am/is/are + -ing) for actions happening now, temporary situations, and future arrangements. Spelling rules: -e drops, double consonants.

Stative Verbs (Stative Verbs) é um conceito gramatical de nível A1 em inglês. Verbs not normally used in continuous: like, love, hate, want, need, know, believe, understand, remember, seem, prefer. Describe states, not actions.

Possessive 's (Possessive 's) é um conceito gramatical de nível A1 em inglês. Possessive 's for ownership. Add 's to singular nouns, just ' to plural nouns ending in s. Of + noun for things and long phrases.

Past Simple - Regular Verbs (Past Simple Regular) é um conceito gramatical de nível A2 em inglês. Past simple for completed past actions. Regular verbs add -ed (worked, played). Spelling: -e→-ed, consonant-y→-ied, double final consonant. Same form for all persons.

Past Simple - Irregular Verbs (Past Simple Irregular) é um conceito gramatical de nível A2 em inglês. Common irregular past forms: go→went, have→had, see→saw, do→did, say→said, make→made, take→took, come→came, get→got, give→gave, think→thought, know→knew.

Past Simple - Negatives & Questions (Past Simple Negatives/Questions) é um conceito gramatical de nível A2 em inglês. Negatives with didn't + base verb. Questions with Did + subject + base verb. Main verb never changes form after did/didn't.

Was / Were (Was / Were) é um conceito gramatical de nível A2 em inglês. Past tense of 'be': was (I, he, she, it), were (you, we, they). Used for past states, descriptions, locations. There was/were for existence.

Past Continuous (Past Continuous) é um conceito gramatical de nível A2 em inglês. Past continuous (was/were + -ing) for ongoing past actions, background events, and interrupted actions. Often with while and when.

Present Perfect Simple (Present Perfect Simple) é um conceito gramatical de nível A2 em inglês. Present perfect (have/has + past participle) for life experiences, recent past with present relevance, unfinished time periods. With ever, never, just, already, yet.

Present Perfect vs Past Simple (Perfect vs Past Simple) é um conceito gramatical de nível A2 em inglês. Present perfect for unspecified/recent past with present relevance; past simple for specific completed past. Time markers help: yesterday (past), ever (perfect).

Future with Will (Will Future) é um conceito gramatical de nível A2 em inglês. Will + base verb for predictions, spontaneous decisions, offers, promises. Contraction: I'll, won't. Same form for all persons.

Future with Going to (Going to Future) é um conceito gramatical de nível A2 em inglês. Going to + base verb for plans, intentions, and predictions based on evidence. Be + going to + infinitive. More certain/planned than 'will'.

Comparatives (Comparatives) é um conceito gramatical de nível A2 em inglês. Comparing two things. Short adjectives: -er + than. Long adjectives: more + adj + than. Irregular: good→better, bad→worse, far→farther/further.

Superlatives (Superlatives) é um conceito gramatical de nível A2 em inglês. Highest degree comparison. The + -est for short adjectives, the most + adj for long. Irregular: best, worst, furthest. Often with in/of.

Should and Must (Should and Must) é um conceito gramatical de nível A2 em inglês. Should for advice and recommendations. Must for obligation and strong necessity. Mustn't for prohibition. Don't have to for lack of obligation.

Have to / Has to (Have to) é um conceito gramatical de nível A2 em inglês. Have to for external obligation. Third person: has to. Past: had to. Question/negative with do: Do you have to...? I don't have to.

Adverbs of Manner (Manner Adverbs) é um conceito gramatical de nível A2 em inglês. Adverbs describe how something is done. Usually formed: adjective + -ly (quickly, slowly). Irregular: good→well, fast→fast, hard→hard.

Relative Clauses: who, which, that (Basic Relative Clauses) é um conceito gramatical de nível A2 em inglês. Relative clauses give more information about nouns. Who for people, which for things, that for both. Defining clauses (no commas) identify the noun.

Present Perfect Continuous (Present Perfect Continuous) é um conceito gramatical de nível B1 em inglês. Have/has been + -ing for actions starting in past and continuing to present. Emphasizes duration. With for (duration) and since (starting point).

Past Perfect (Past Perfect) é um conceito gramatical de nível B1 em inglês. Had + past participle for actions completed before another past action. Often with before, after, when, by the time. Creates clear sequence in past.

First Conditional (First Conditional) é um conceito gramatical de nível B1 em inglês. If + present, will + base verb for real/possible future situations. Unless = if not. When for certain events. Other modals possible: can, might, should.

Second Conditional (Second Conditional) é um conceito gramatical de nível B1 em inglês. If + past simple, would + base verb for unreal/hypothetical present or future. Were (not was) with I/he/she in formal usage. For advice, imagination.

Modals of Possibility (Possibility Modals) é um conceito gramatical de nível B1 em inglês. May, might, could for present/future possibility. Must, can't for deduction (certain). Degrees: must be > could/may/might be > can't be.

Passive Voice (Passive Voice) é um conceito gramatical de nível B1 em inglês. Be + past participle. Focus on action/recipient, not doer. Agent with 'by' (often omitted). All tenses possible: is made, was made, will be made, has been made.

Reported Speech - Statements (Reported Statements) é um conceito gramatical de nível B1 em inglês. Reporting what someone said. Tense backshift: present→past, past→past perfect, will→would. Say/tell. Pronoun and time changes.

Reported Speech - Questions (Reported Questions) é um conceito gramatical de nível B1 em inglês. Reporting questions with ask + if/whether (yes/no questions) or question word. Statement word order (no inversion). No question mark.

Relative Clauses: where, when, whose (Advanced Relative Clauses) é um conceito gramatical de nível B1 em inglês. Where for places, when for times, whose for possession. Non-defining clauses (with commas) add extra information. Object relative pronoun can be omitted.

Used to / Would (Used to) é um conceito gramatical de nível B1 em inglês. Used to + base verb for past habits/states no longer true. Would for repeated past actions only (not states). Be used to + noun/gerund for familiarity.

Infinitive vs Gerund (Infinitive vs Gerund) é um conceito gramatical de nível B1 em inglês. Some verbs take infinitive (want to go), some take gerund (enjoy going). Some take both with different meanings (stop to do vs stop doing). After prepositions: gerund.

Too and Enough (Too and Enough) é um conceito gramatical de nível B1 em inglês. Too + adjective (excessive). Adjective/adverb + enough (sufficient). Enough + noun. Too/enough + to + infinitive for result.

Phrasal Verbs - Basic (Basic Phrasal Verbs) é um conceito gramatical de nível B1 em inglês. Verb + particle combinations with new meanings. Separable: turn on/off, pick up, put down. Inseparable: look after, get over. Common particles: up, down, on, off, out, in.

Third Conditional (Third Conditional) é um conceito gramatical de nível B2 em inglês. If + past perfect, would have + past participle for unreal past situations. Regrets and different outcomes. Contractions: would've, wouldn't have.

Mixed Conditionals (Mixed Conditionals) é um conceito gramatical de nível B2 em inglês. Mixing conditional types: past condition + present result (If I had studied, I would be a doctor). Present condition + past result (If I were rich, I would have bought it).

Wish and If only (Wish and If only) é um conceito gramatical de nível B2 em inglês. Wish/If only + past simple for present regrets. Wish + past perfect for past regrets. Wish + would for complaints about others. Stronger emotion with 'if only'.

Modal Verbs - Past Deduction (Past Modals) é um conceito gramatical de nível B2 em inglês. Modal + have + past participle for past deduction/possibility. Must have (certain), might/may/could have (possible), can't/couldn't have (impossible).

Future Perfect (Future Perfect) é um conceito gramatical de nível B2 em inglês. Will have + past participle for actions completed before a future time. Often with by (the time), before, when. Emphasizes completion.

Future Continuous (Future Continuous) é um conceito gramatical de nível B2 em inglês. Will be + -ing for actions in progress at a future time. Also for scheduled future events and polite inquiries about plans.

Advanced Passive Structures (Advanced Passive) é um conceito gramatical de nível B2 em inglês. Passive with two objects: She was given a present / A present was given to her. Have something done for services. Get + past participle.

Cleft Sentences (Cleft Sentences) é um conceito gramatical de nível B2 em inglês. Emphasis structures: It was John who... (cleft), What I need is... (pseudo-cleft), All I want is... The thing that... Focus on specific information.

Participle Clauses (Participle Clauses) é um conceito gramatical de nível B2 em inglês. Using -ing or -ed participles to replace relative clauses or adverbial clauses. Reduces sentence length. Having + past participle for prior action.

Inversion for Emphasis (Inversion) é um conceito gramatical de nível B2 em inglês. Subject-verb inversion for emphasis after negative adverbs: Never have I..., Not only...but also, Hardly/Scarcely...when, No sooner...than, Little did I know.

Subjunctive Mood (Subjunctive) é um conceito gramatical de nível C1 em inglês. Formal subjunctive: base verb after verbs of suggestion/demand (suggest that he go), in fixed expressions (if need be, come what may). Were in all persons for hypotheticals.

Advanced Modal Expressions (Advanced Modals) é um conceito gramatical de nível C1 em inglês. Nuanced modal expressions: be bound to (certain), be supposed to (expectation), be meant to (purpose), be to (formal arrangements), would rather, had better.

Complex Passive Structures (Complex Passive) é um conceito gramatical de nível C1 em inglês. Reporting verbs in passive: It is said that... / He is said to be... Subject + passive + infinitive. Various tenses with infinitives (to be doing, to have done).

Discourse Markers (Discourse Markers) é um conceito gramatical de nível C1 em inglês. Connectors for sophisticated argumentation: nevertheless, nonetheless, hence, thus, furthermore, moreover, consequently, notwithstanding, albeit.

Ellipsis and Substitution (Ellipsis and Substitution) é um conceito gramatical de nível C1 em inglês. Omitting words to avoid repetition. Auxiliary substitution (do so, did too). So/neither + auxiliary for agreement. If so/not constructions.

Nominal Clauses (Nominal Clauses) é um conceito gramatical de nível C1 em inglês. Clauses functioning as nouns: What he said was true (subject), I know what you mean (object), The problem is that... (complement). That-clauses, wh-clauses.

Hedging Language (Hedging Language) é um conceito gramatical de nível C1 em inglês. Academic caution: tend to, appear to, seem to, somewhat, rather, relatively, to some extent. It could be argued that..., One might suggest...

Advanced Phrasal Verbs (Advanced Phrasal Verbs) é um conceito gramatical de nível C1 em inglês. Complex phrasal verbs with multiple particles: come up with, put up with, look forward to, make up for, get away with, do away with, come up against.

Literary Tenses and Aspects (Literary Tenses) é um conceito gramatical de nível C2 em inglês. Historical present for narrative effect, future perfect continuous, rare aspectual distinctions. Archaic forms: doth, hath, thou. Style in literature.

Archaic and Legal Language (Archaic/Legal English) é um conceito gramatical de nível C2 em inglês. Formal/legal: hereby, thereof, wherein, henceforth, notwithstanding. Archaic pronouns and verb forms. Recognition in historical and legal texts.

Dialectal Variation (Dialectal Variation) é um conceito gramatical de nível C2 em inglês. British vs American grammar: have got vs have, shall vs will, collective nouns (sing vs pl). Regional features: double negatives, ain't, y'all, innit.

Rhetorical Devices (Rhetorical Devices) é um conceito gramatical de nível C2 em inglês. Stylistic constructions: rhetorical questions, litotes (not bad = good), hyperbole, understatement. Parallelism, chiasmus, antithesis for effect.

Academic and Formal Writing (Formal Writing) é um conceito gramatical de nível C2 em inglês. Academic conventions: passive preference, hedging, nominalization. Formal vs informal register. Latin abbreviations: e.g., i.e., etc., viz., cf.

Advanced Idioms (Advanced Idioms) é um conceito gramatical de nível C2 em inglês. Complex idiomatic expressions: be at sixes and sevens, have an axe to grind, add insult to injury, once in a blue moon, the ball is in your court.

Advanced Collocations (Advanced Collocations) é um conceito gramatical de nível C2 em inglês. Strong word partnerships: make a decision (not do), heavy rain (not strong), raise a question, pose a threat, commit a crime, draw a conclusion.

Register and Style Shifting (Register Shifting) é um conceito gramatical de nível C2 em inglês. Recognizing and using appropriate register: formal/informal, written/spoken, technical/general. Code-switching for audience and context.