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SpaansPronombres Relativos: que, quien
A2Basic relative pronouns: que (who/which/that - most common), quien/quienes (who - for people, after prepositions). Que is invariable; quien has plural.
FransPronoms Relatifs: qui, que
A2Basic relative pronouns: qui (subject - who/which/that), que/qu' (direct object - whom/which/that). Qui is followed by verb, que by subject+verb.
DuitsRelativsätze
B1Relative clauses with der, die, das; relative pronoun matches antecedent gender, case from clause function.
ItaliaansPronomi Relativi
B1Connecting clauses: che (who/which/that - subject or direct object), cui (whom/which - after prepositions), il/la quale (formal alternative agreeing in gender/number).
PortugeesPronomes Relativos: que, quem
A2Basic relative pronouns: que (who/which/that - most common), quem (who - for people, after prepositions). Que is invariable.
Japans関係節
A2Modifying nouns with verb/adjective clauses placed before the noun (no relative pronoun needed). Uses plain form. 昨日買った本 = 'the book that I bought yesterday'.
Chinees定语从句
B1Modifying clause + 的 + noun (clause before noun, opposite of English): 我买的书 (the book that I bought), 说中文的人 (person who speaks Chinese).
Arabischالجملة الموصولة
A2Relative pronouns: الذي/التي/الذين/اللواتي (who/which for definite nouns). Indefinite nouns use no pronoun. Resumptive pronoun often needed.
Hindiसंबंधवाचक सर्वनाम
B1Relative-correlative pairs: जो...वह (who/which...that), जहाँ...वहाँ (where...there), जब...तब (when...then), जैसा...वैसा (as...so).
RussischОтносительные придаточные предложения
A2Relative pronouns: который (who/which/that) declines for gender, number, case based on its role in the clause. Also где (where), когда (when), что (that).
NederlandsBetrekkelijke Voornaamwoorden
A2Relative pronouns 'die' and 'dat'. Use 'die' for de-words and plurals; 'dat' for het-words. 'Wat' after indefinite antecedents (alles, niets, iets). Relative clauses have verb-final order.
ZweedsRelativsatser
B1Relative pronouns: som (who/which/that - most common), vars (whose), vilken/vilket/vilka (which - formal). 'Som' can be omitted when it's the object.
DeensRelativsætninger
B1Relative pronouns 'som/der' (who/which/that). 'Som' can be omitted when it's the object. 'Hvis' for whose.
NoorsRelativsetninger
B1Relative pronoun 'som' (who/which/that) for all genders. 'Som' can be omitted when it's the object. 'Hvis' for whose.
FinsRelatiivilauseet
B1Relative pronoun joka (who/which) declines for case: mies, joka asuu (man who lives), mies, jonka tunnen (man whom I know).
GrieksΑναφορικές Προτάσεις
B1Relative pronoun που (who/which/that) is invariable. Formal: ο οποίος/η οποία/το οποίο (declines).
RoemeensPropozițiile Relative
B1Relative pronouns: care (who/which), ce (what/which), pe care (whom), căruia/căreia (to whom). 'Care' declines for case.
HongaarsVonatkozó Mellékmondatok
B1Relative pronouns: aki (who, for people), ami (which, for things), ahol (where), amikor (when). Correlative pronouns in main clause.
Hebreeuwsמשפטי זיקה מתקדמים
B2Advanced relatives: ש- with resumptive pronouns, אשר (formal 'that/which'), מי ש- (whoever), מה ש- (whatever).
Thaiอนุประโยคคุณศัพท์
B1Relative clauses with ที่ [thîi] (who/which/that): คนที่มา (the person who came), หนังสือที่อ่าน (the book that I read).
VietnameesMệnh Đề Quan Hệ
B1Relative clauses with mà (which/that) or omitted: người đến (the person who came), sách (mà) tôi đọc (the book that I read).
IndonesischKlausa Relatif
B1Relative clauses with yang (who/which/that): orang yang datang (the person who came), buku yang saya baca (the book I read).
SwahiliSentensi Rejeshi
B1Relative clauses formed with relative markers infixed in the verb or using amba- + relative pronoun. The relative marker agrees with the noun class: -ye- (class 1), -cho- (class 7), -yo- (class 9).
Perzischجمله‌های موصولی
B1Relative clauses use که ke (that/which/who). The relative clause follows the noun: مردی که آمد (the man who came). Pronoun resumption common in spoken Persian.
FilipijnsMga Sugnay na Panuring na May Na/-Ng
B1Relative clauses are formed using the linker na/-ng, the same particle used for adjective-noun connection. The relative clause modifies the head noun directly.
Urduموصول جملے
B2Correlative relative clauses: جو jo (who/which/that) in the relative clause, وہ voh in the main clause. جو لڑکا آیا وہ میرا دوست ہے (The boy who came is my friend). Relative clause can precede or follow.
YorubaGbólóhùn Ọ̀rọ̀ Àpèjúwe (Tí)
B1Relative clauses are introduced by tí (that/which/who): ọkùnrin tí mo rí (the man that I saw). Tí can be omitted in casual speech. The relativized noun appears before tí.
IersClásail Choibhneasta Indíreacha
B2Indirect relative clauses use 'a' + eclipsis and a resumptive prepositional pronoun: an fear a bhfuil a mhac tinn (the man whose son is sick). More complex than direct relatives.
WelshCymalau Perthynol Sylfaenol
A2Relative clauses using 'sy/sydd' (who/that is) for present tense descriptions. The relative pronoun replaces 'mae' in affirmative clauses.
BaskischErlatibozko Perpausak
B1Relative clauses in Basque precede the noun and use the suffix '-n' on the verb: 'ikusi dudan gizona' (the man that I saw). No relative pronoun needed.
MaoriRerenga Piri
B1Relative clauses follow the noun and often use 'ai' as a resumptive particle. 'Te tangata i haere mai ai' (the person who came). Position and 'ai' mark the relativized element.
HawaïaansKuhina
B1Relative clauses modify nouns. Hawaiian typically uses 'nāna i' or positional embedding. The modifying clause follows the noun it describes.
Kantonees關係子句
B1Relative clauses are formed by placing the modifying clause before the noun, linked by 嘅 ge3. The structure is [clause + 嘅 + noun], with the head noun always at the end.
CatalaansOracions de Relatiu Bàsiques
A2Relative clauses with 'que' (who/that/which): L'home que parla és el meu pare. Also 'on' (where) and 'quan' (when) for place and time relatives.
EngelsBasic Relative Clauses
A2Relative clauses give more information about nouns. Who for people, which for things, that for both. Defining clauses (no commas) identify the noun.

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