Discorso indiretto

32 lingue

spagnoloDiscurso Indirecto

B1Reported speech with verbs like decir, preguntar, responder. Changes: que for statements, si for yes/no questions. Tense backshift when reporting verb is past.

franceseDiscours Indirect

B1Reported speech with verbs like dire, demander, répondre. Changes: que for statements, si for yes/no questions, question words remain. Tense shifts apply.

italianoDiscorso Indiretto

B2Reporting what someone said. Tense shifts when main verb is past: present → imperfect, passato prossimo → pluperfect, future → past conditional. Time/place references change.

portogheseDiscurso Indireto

B1Reported speech with verbs like dizer, perguntar, responder. Tense backshift when reporting verb is past. Que for statements, se for yes/no questions.

giapponese間接話法

C1Reporting speech with tense/perspective shifts: ということだ (it is said that), とのことだ (according to), と伝えられている (it is reported). Distinguishing hearsay sources.

hindiपरोक्ष कथन

B1Reporting speech with कि (that) clause. Tense shifting is less strict than English. Use कहना, बताना, सोचना, पूछना as reporting verbs.

russoКосвенная речь

B1Indirect speech with что (that), чтобы (in order to/that), ли (whether). No tense shift rule. Pronouns and time expressions may change. Question words stay same.

olandeseIndirecte Rede

B2Reporting what someone said. Tense shifts from direct speech. Present→simple past, perfect→past perfect, will→zou. Time/place references change. 'Of' for yes/no questions.

svedeseIndirekt Tal

B2Reported speech with tense shift and pronoun changes. 'Att' often omitted after verbs of saying/thinking.

turcoDolaylı Anlatım

B1Reporting what others said using -dik/-dığını/-diğini or direct quote with diye. Less tense shifting than English.

polaccoMowa Zależna

B2Reported speech with że-clauses. Tense remains unchanged in Polish (unlike English). Conditional for reported requests.

daneseIndirekte Tale

B2Reported speech with tense shift and pronoun changes. 'At' often omitted after verbs of saying/thinking.

norvegeseIndirekte Tale

B2Reported speech with tense shift and pronoun changes. 'At' often omitted after verbs of saying/thinking.

finlandeseReferatiivi

B2Reported speech using että-clauses or participle constructions. Tense shifting and pronoun changes apply.

grecoΠλάγιος Λόγος

B2Reported speech with ότι/πως (that), αν (if/whether). Greek often keeps original tense in indirect speech.

cecoNepřímá Řeč

B2Reported speech with že-clauses. Czech often maintains original tense. Conditional for reported requests with aby.

rumenoVorbirea Indirectă

B2Indirect discourse with appropriate tense and pronoun shifts. Uses 'că' (that), 'dacă' (if/whether), 'să' (to) after reporting verbs.

unghereseFüggő Beszéd

B2Indirect discourse with hogy (that) conjunction. No tense shift in Hungarian reported speech, unlike English.

ebraicoדיבור עקיף

B2Reported speech with ש- clauses. Tense often shifts (like English). Questions reported with אם or interrogative words.

thailandeseคำพูดรายงาน

B2Reported speech with ว่า [wâa] (that): บอกว่า (said that), ถามว่า (asked whether). No tense shift needed.

vietnamitaLời Nói Gián Tiếp

B2Reported speech with rằng/là (that): nói rằng (said that), hỏi xem (asked whether). No tense shift needed.

indonesianoKalimat Tak Langsung

B2Reported speech with bahwa (that): mengatakan bahwa (said that), bertanya apakah (asked whether). No tense shift.

ucrainoНепряма Мова

B2Reported speech with що-clauses. Tense often shifts. Conditional for reported requests with щоб.

swahiliUsemi wa Taarifa

B2Indirect speech introduced by kwamba/kuwa (that). Tense shifts from direct speech: -na- may become -li- or remain. Verbs of saying: alisema (said), aliambia (told), alidai (claimed).

persianoنقل قول

B2Direct and indirect reported speech using گفت ke (said that). Tense backshifting occurs in formal register. Colloquial often preserves original tense. Uses verbs like گفتن, پرسیدن, جواب دادن.

filippinoDi-tuwirang Pagsasalita (Daw/Raw)

B1Reported speech uses daw/raw (hearsay particle, 'they say/it is said'). Daw follows consonants, raw follows vowels. Also uses sabi (said) constructions.

urduبالواسطہ بیان

B2Indirect speech uses کہ ke (that) after verbs of saying. Tense may shift. Pronouns adjust. Direct quotation common in Urdu. Verbs: کہنا kahnā (say), پوچھنا pūchnā (ask), بتانا batānā (tell).

yorubaỌ̀rọ̀ Àròyé

B2Indirect speech uses pé (that) or kí (that, for commands): Ó sọ pé ó máa wá (He said that he would come). Direct speech is also common and introduced by pé without tense shifts.

maoriKupu Kōpā

B2Indirect questions: 'Kāore au e mōhio mehemea...' (I don't know whether...). Embedded clauses: 'te mea i kōrero ai ia' (the thing he/she said). Complex information reporting.

cantonese間接引述

B2Reporting what others said using 話 waa6 (say/said). Direct quotation uses 話 + quoted speech. Indirect reporting may shift pronouns but not tense (no tense inflection in Cantonese).

catalanoEstil Indirecte

B2Indirect speech with tense backshift: present→imperfect, periphrastic past→pluperfect, future→conditional. Pronoun and time reference changes. Introduced by 'que' after verbs of saying.

ingleseReported Statements

B1Reporting what someone said. Tense backshift: present→past, past→past perfect, will→would. Say/tell. Pronoun and time changes.

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