ไวยากรณ์ฮังการี

Suffixes change based on front/back vowels in the root word. Back vowels (a, á, o, ó, u, ú) take back suffixes, front vowels (e, é, i, í, ö, ő, ü, ű) take front suffixes.

Personal pronouns: én (I), te (you), ő (he/she/it), mi (we), ti (you pl), ők (they). Hungarian is pro-drop; pronouns often omitted.

Present tense conjugation: vagyok, vagy, van, vagyunk, vagytok, vannak. Third person 'van' is dropped in predicate constructions.

Two conjugation systems based on definiteness of object. Indefinite when object is indefinite or no object; definite when object is definite.

Verb conjugation when object is indefinite or no object: -ok/-ek/-ök, -ol/-el/-öl, -, -unk/-ünk, -tok/-tek/-tök, -nak/-nek.

Basic concept of 18+ noun cases using suffixes. Hungarian is agglutinative: suffixes stack onto words following vowel harmony.

Direct object marker -t with linking vowel rules. Linking vowel depends on word ending and vowel harmony.

Where (static): -ban/-ben (in), -on/-en/-ön (on), -nál/-nél (at). Three-way system of interior/surface/proximity.

Cardinal numbers with regular patterns. After numbers, nouns stay singular: öt ház (five house), not *öt házak.

Topic-focus-verb order with focus position immediately before verb. What you emphasize goes in focus position.

Definite: a (before consonants), az (before vowels). Indefinite: egy. No article for generic/mass nouns. Article choice triggers definite conjugation.

Essential greetings: szia (hi), jó napot (good day), köszönöm (thank you), kérem (please), viszontlátásra (goodbye).

Question words: ki (who), mi (what), hol (where), mikor (when), hogyan (how), miért (why). Yes/no questions with intonation or -e particle.

Negation with nem (not) before verb. Negative words: senki (nobody), semmi (nothing), sehol (nowhere). Multiple negation is standard.

Essential conjunctions: és (and), de (but), vagy (or), mert (because), tehát (so/therefore), is (also).

Adjectives precede nouns and don't agree: szép ház, szép házak. Predicative plural: A házak szépek. Common adjectives for description.

Days (hétfő-vasárnap), months (január-december). Time: Hány óra van? (What time is it?). Days/months in lowercase in Hungarian.

Common adverbs of place, time, and manner: itt (here), ott (there), most (now), ma (today), jól (well), gyorsan (quickly).

Expressing existence: van/vannak (there is/are), nincs/nincsenek (there isn't/aren't). Van is NOT dropped in existential meaning.

Hungarian uses dative + van/nincs for 'have': nekem van (I have), neked van (you have). No separate verb for 'to have'.

Plural with -k suffix and linking vowel: ház→házak, szék→székek. After numbers, nouns stay singular. Irregular plurals exist.

Demonstratives: ez (this), az (that). They take case suffixes and assimilate: ez + -ben → ebben, az + -ban → abban.

Color adjectives and basic descriptive patterns. Colors as adjectives don't agree. Common descriptive expressions.

Subordinate clauses with hogy (that). Basic sentence combining. Hogy is the most common subordinating conjunction.

Most common verbs: megy (go), jön (come), ad (give), lát (see), hall (hear), eszik (eat), iszik (drink). Some are irregular.

The most common verbal prefix meg- marks completion or perfective aspect. Changes verb meaning from ongoing to completed action.

Basic directional verbal prefixes: be- (in), ki- (out), fel- (up), le- (down). Used with motion verbs for direction.

Simple imperative forms for polite requests and everyday commands: kérem (please), add ide (give here), gyere (come). Essential for basic interactions.

Verb conjugation when object is definite (the X, proper nouns): -om/-em/-öm, -od/-ed/-öd, -ja/-i, -juk/-jük, -játok/-itek, -ják/-ik.

Motion to/from in three-way system: -ba/-be (into), -ból/-ből (out of), -ra/-re (onto), -ról/-ről (off of), -hoz/-hez/-höz (to), -tól/-től (from).

Indirect object and possession marker. Used with verbs of giving, and in possessive constructions: a fiúnak a háza (the boy's house).

Possession marked on possessed noun: -m (my), -d (your), -ja/-je (his/her), -nk (our), -tok/-tek/-tök (your pl), -juk/-jük (their).

Past tense with -t/-tt suffix, both definite and indefinite conjugations. Some verbs have irregular past stems.

Commands with -j suffix and various stem changes. Definite and indefinite forms. Polite forms with tessék/legyen szíves.

Words following nouns instead of prepositions: alatt (under), mögött (behind), előtt (before), között (between), mellett (beside).

Adjectives don't agree in number/case when attributive (before noun), but predicative adjectives take plural: A házak szépek.

Yes/no questions with -e particle (formal/written) or intonation (colloquial). Question word always in focus position before verb.

Past forms of 'lenni': voltam, voltál, volt, voltunk, voltatok, voltak. Used for past states, locations, and descriptions.

Two constructions for 'like': szeret + acc (love/like something), tetszik + dative (appeal to). Tetszik also used as formal 'you'.

Future with fog + infinitive. Present tense can also express future with time adverbs. Fog conjugates for person.

Would/could with -na/-ne/-ná/-né suffixes. Both definite and indefinite forms. Used for hypotheticals and polite requests.

With (instrument/accompaniment) with assimilation rules: final consonant doubles before -val/-vel: késsel (not *késvel).

Change into something. Same consonant assimilation as -val/-vel. Used with verbs of becoming and transformation.

For (purpose/cause). Used to express reason and purpose. Common in questions with miért (why).

Separable prefixes changing verb meaning: meg- (completion), el- (away), ki- (out), be- (in), fel- (up), le- (down).

Prefix separates in negation, questions, focus constructions, imperative. Prefix goes after verb when separated.

Infinitive with -ni suffix. Conjugated infinitive with personal suffixes (-nom/-nem, -nod/-ned, etc.) after certain verbs like kell (must), szabad (may).

Relative pronouns: aki (who, for people), ami (which, for things), ahol (where), amikor (when). Correlative pronouns in main clause.

Comparative -bb (nagyobb), superlative leg- prefix (legnagyobb). Irregular: jó→jobb→legjobb, sok→több→legtöbb.

Ha + indicative for real conditions, ha + conditional for unreal. Past conditional with volna for counterfactual past.

Modal expressions: kell (must), szabad (may), lehet (possible/can), tilos (forbidden), érdemes (worth). Used with infinitive.

Two verbs for 'know': tudni (know facts, know how to) vs ismerni (know/be acquainted with). Different conjugation patterns.

Because clauses with mert/mivel/azért mert. Conditional with ha (if). Word order changes in subordinate clauses.

Complex time expressions: -kor (at time), minden nap (every day), egész nap (all day), tavaly (last year), jövőre (next year).

Purpose with hogy + subjunctive/imperative, azért hogy (in order to). Result with úgyhogy (so that), annyira...hogy (so...that).

Time expressions: -kor (at time), -ig (until), -tól/-től (from), -ra/-re (by/for time). Used for precise temporal reference.

As / in the role of. Used to express capacity, function, or role. Also used with indefinite subjects in certain constructions.

Multiple possessors, possessed of possessed. Chains of possessive suffixes and dative possessors.

Present participle (-ó/-ő), past participle (-t/-tt as adjective), future participle (-andó/-endő for obligation/necessity).

Simultaneous or resulting state with -va/-ve, -ván/-vén. Used for manner and simultaneous actions. -ván/-vén is literary.

Indirect discourse with hogy (that) conjunction. No tense shift in Hungarian reported speech, unlike English.

Information structure determining word order. Topic (known info) first, then focus (new/emphasized info) immediately before verb.

Different conjugation patterns: ik-verbs (eszik, iszik), sz-verbs (vesz, tesz, lesz), v-stems (jön→jöv-). Irregular patterns.

Hungarian avoids true passive. Instead uses: third person plural (indefinite agent), -ódik/-ődik (reflexive passive), -ható/-hető (can be done).

Complex definiteness triggers: -lak/-lek (I→you), engem/téged exceptions, reflexive magam/magad as objects.

Advanced connectors: ezzel szemben (on the other hand), ennek ellenére (despite this), mindazonáltal (nevertheless), ráadásul (moreover).

Can/may with -hat/-het suffix in all tenses and moods. Combines with definite/indefinite conjugation and conditional.

Past conditional and past potential with 'volna'. Expressing counterfactual past and unrealized possibilities.

Sentences without verb 'van' in third person present. Van reappears in past, future, conditional, and with focus/negation.

Derivational suffixes: -ság/-ség (abstract), -ás/-és (action noun), -ó/-ő (agent), -tlan/-tlen (without), -ható/-hető (able).

Postpositions with personal suffixes, replacing pronoun + postposition: mögöttem (behind me), előtte (before him).

Formal vs informal, written vs spoken Hungarian. T-V distinction (te/ön/maga), formal conjugation, polite expressions.

Impersonal and subjectless sentences with kell (must), szabad (may), lehet (possible), tilos (forbidden), érdemes (worth).

Hungarian freely creates compound words. Rules for connecting vowels, stress patterns, and productive compounding strategies.

Literary and archaic grammatical forms found in older texts and poetry: vagyon (van), mikoron (amikor), néki (neki).

Regional variation in pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar: é-zés (Palóc), ö-zés (Szeged region), Transylvanian Hungarian features.

Complex embeddings, multiple subordinate clauses, long-distance dependencies. Correlative pronoun system in complex sentences.

Formal academic register and technical terminology: nominalized constructions, passive-like formations, formal discourse markers.

Hungarian proverbs and idiomatic expressions reflecting cultural values and worldview.

Legal and bureaucratic Hungarian: nominal style, formal constructions, official document phrases, legal terminology.

Recognition and use of archaic Hungarian (literary, biblical forms) and modern neologisms (tech, social media loanwords). Stylistic range from Petőfi to internet Hungarian.