Gerapporteerde Rede — Beweringen in het Engels

Overzicht

De gerapporteerde rede (reported speech of indirect speech) gebruik je om te vertellen wat iemand anders heeft gezegd, zonder zijn of haar exacte woorden te gebruiken. Je rapporteert de boodschap, niet de letterlijke woorden.

Bij gerapporteerde beweringen gebruik je werkwoorden zoals say, tell, explain, claim enzovoort, gevolgd door een bijzin die begint met that (optioneel).

Het centrale kenmerk van gerapporteerde rede is de tijdsverschuiving: als het rapporterende werkwoord in de verleden tijd staat, schuift de tijd in de bijzin één stap terug.

Hoe het werkt

Tijdsverschuiving (backshift)

Directe rede	Gerapporteerde rede
"I am tired."	She said she was tired.
"I work here."	He said he worked there.
"I am working."	She said she was working.
"I have seen it."	He said he had seen it.
"I worked here."	She said she had worked there.
"I will come."	He said he would come.
"I can do it."	She said she could do it.
"I may leave."	He said he might leave.

Persoonsverwisselingen

Persoonlijke voornaamwoorden veranderen ook:

• "I love you." → She said she loved him/her.
• "My house is big." → He said his house was big.

Tijds- en plaatsaanduidingen

Direct	Gerapporteerd
now	then
today	that day
yesterday	the day before
tomorrow	the next day / the following day
here	there
this	that

Zeggen vs. vertellen

• Say (+ that): She said (that) she was tired.
• Tell (+ persoon + that): She told me (that) she was tired.

Voorbeelden in context

Directe rede	Gerapporteerde rede
"I am late."	She said she was late.
"We live in Amsterdam."	They said they lived in Amsterdam.
"I'll call you tomorrow."	He said he would call me the next day.
"I can't come today."	She said she couldn't come that day.
"I have finished the report."	He said he had finished the report.
"I'm studying medicine."	She said she was studying medicine.
"I don't like this."	He said he didn't like that.
"I saw him yesterday."	She said she had seen him the day before.

Veelgemaakte fouten

Tijdsverschuiving vergeten

• Fout: She said she is tired.
• Correct: She said she was tired.
• Waarom: Als het inleidende werkwoord in de verleden tijd staat, schuift de tijd in de bijzin terug.

"Tell" zonder persoon

• Fout: She told that she was leaving.
• Correct: She told me/him/us that she was leaving.
• Waarom: "Tell" vereist altijd een persoon na het werkwoord.

"Say" met persoon direct erna

• Fout: She said me she was tired.
• Correct: She told me she was tired. of She said (to me) she was tired.
• Waarom: Na "say" gebruik je "to + persoon" of je laat de persoon weg. Na "tell" volgt de persoon direct.

Oefentips

• Vertel over gesprekken: Vertel iemand wat je vriend je heeft verteld: "She said she was going on holiday next month."
• Transformeer zinnen: Neem directe rede en maak er gerapporteerde rede van. Pas de tijdsvorm en voornaamwoorden aan.
• Nieuws navertellen: Lees een nieuwsbericht en vertel de inhoud in gerapporteerde rede: "The president said that..."

Verwante concepten

• Vereiste: Verleden Voltooid Tijd — de tijdsverschuiving leidt tot past perfect
• Volgende stappen: Gerapporteerde Rede - Vragen — hoe vragen rapporteren