ない-Form (Negative Plain)
ない形
ない-Form (Negative Plain) in Japanese
Overview
The ない-form is the plain negative conjugation of Japanese verbs. Where the dictionary form says what you do, the ない-form says what you do not do. It is essential for casual conversation, embedded clauses, and serves as the base for several other grammatical patterns like ないでください (please don't) and なければならない (must).
At the A2 level, you need to master the conjugation rules for all three verb types: godan, ichidan, and irregular. The ichidan pattern is simple, but godan verbs require a vowel shift that needs practice. Once automatic, the ない-form opens up a significant portion of Japanese grammar.
How It Works
Ichidan (ru-verbs)
Drop -る, add -ない.
| Dictionary form | ない-form |
|---|---|
| 食べる (taberu) | 食べない (tabenai) |
| 見る (miru) | 見ない (minai) |
| 起きる (okiru) | 起きない (okinai) |
Godan (u-verbs)
Change the final -u sound to the -a column, then add -ない.
| Ending | Change to | Dictionary | ない-form |
|---|---|---|---|
| う (u) | わ (wa) | 買う | 買わない |
| く (ku) | か (ka) | 書く | 書かない |
| ぐ (gu) | が (ga) | 泳ぐ | 泳がない |
| す (su) | さ (sa) | 話す | 話さない |
| つ (tsu) | た (ta) | 待つ | 待たない |
| ぬ (nu) | な (na) | 死ぬ | 死なない |
| ぶ (bu) | ば (ba) | 遊ぶ | 遊ばない |
| む (mu) | ま (ma) | 読む | 読まない |
| る (ru) | ら (ra) | 帰る | 帰らない |
Exception: Verbs ending in う become わない, not あない. 買う → 買わない.
Irregular verbs
| Dictionary form | ない-form |
|---|---|
| する (suru) | しない (shinai) |
| 来る (kuru) | 来ない (konai) |
| ある (aru) | ない (nai) — special: no あら |
ない conjugates like an い-adjective
Since ない behaves like an い-adjective, it has its own forms:
| Form | Example |
|---|---|
| Past | 食べなかった (didn't eat) |
| て-form | 食べなくて (not eating, and...) |
| Conditional | 食べなければ (if not eat) |
Examples in Context
| Japanese | English | Note |
|---|---|---|
| 今日は行かない。 | I'm not going today. | Casual negative |
| まだ食べていない。 | I haven't eaten yet. | ない with ている |
| 分からないことがあります。 | There are things I don't understand. | ない in relative clause |
| 言わないでください。 | Please don't say it. | ないで + ください |
| 明日は来ないと思います。 | I think they won't come tomorrow. | ない before と思う |
| 最近、運動しない。 | I haven't been exercising lately. | Casual |
| お酒を飲まない人です。 | They're a person who doesn't drink alcohol. | ない modifying noun |
| 心配しないで。 | Don't worry. | Casual request |
| まだ決めていません。 | I haven't decided yet. | Polite (ません) |
| 彼女は肉を食べない。 | She doesn't eat meat. | Describing a habit |
Common Mistakes
Using あない instead of わない for う-verbs
- Wrong: 買あない
- Right: 買わない
- Why: The う → あ rule has a special exception: う-ending verbs use わ, not あ. This is the only exception in the godan ない-form.
Confusing ある's negative
- Wrong: あらない
- Right: ない
- Why: ある (to exist) is the one verb whose negative form is simply ない, with no stem remaining. This is a unique exception.
Using ません where ない is needed
- Wrong: 食べませんと思います。
- Right: 食べないと思います。
- Why: In embedded clauses (before と思う, とき, etc.), use the plain ない form, not the polite ません.
Forgetting that ない is an い-adjective
- Wrong: 食べないだった (past negative)
- Right: 食べなかった
- Why: ない conjugates like an い-adjective: なかった (past), なくて (te-form), なければ (conditional).
Usage Notes
The ない-form is the backbone of many structures you will learn at B1 and beyond:
- ないでください (please don't)
- なければならない / なきゃ (must)
- ないで (without doing)
- ないうちに (before something happens)
In very casual speech, なきゃ (short for なければ) and なくちゃ (short for なくては) are common contractions: 行かなきゃ (I gotta go).
Practice Tips
- Take a list of 20 common verbs and conjugate each to the ない-form. Pay special attention to the godan vowel shifts.
- Practice the ある → ない exception by using it in sentences: 時間がない (there's no time), お金がない (there's no money).
- Use ないでください to practice making negative requests about everyday situations: 触らないでください (please don't touch), 忘れないでください (please don't forget).
Related Concepts
- Prerequisite: Plain/Dictionary Form — the affirmative plain form system
- Next steps: ように (purpose/manner) — uses the ない-form for negative purpose clauses
Prerequisite
Plain/Dictionary FormA2Concepts that build on this
More A2 concepts
Want to practice ない-Form (Negative Plain) and more Japanese grammar? Create a free account to study with spaced repetition.
Get Started Free