Basic Negation
基本的な否定
Basic Negation in Japanese
Overview
Forming negative sentences is one of the first essential skills in any language. In Japanese, negation works differently depending on whether you are negating a verb, an い-adjective, a な-adjective, or a noun. Each category has its own negation pattern, but the good news is that each pattern is regular and predictable.
At CEFR A1, you will primarily use the polite (です/ます) forms of negation. Japanese has both polite and plain negation styles -- polite forms are the standard for everyday conversation with people you do not know well, while plain forms appear in casual speech and as building blocks for more advanced grammar.
Learning negation doubles your expressive power immediately. Instead of only being able to say what things are and what you do, you can now say what things are not and what you do not do. This is critical for everyday communication, from declining food to explaining that you do not understand something.
How It Works
Verb Negation
For polite form, replace ます with ません:
| Affirmative | Negative | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| 行きます (ikimasu) | 行きません (ikimasen) | don't go |
| 食べます (tabemasu) | 食べません (tabemasen) | don't eat |
| 飲みます (nomimasu) | 飲みません (nomimasen) | don't drink |
| します (shimasu) | しません (shimasen) | don't do |
| 来ます (kimasu) | 来ません (kimasen) | don't come |
For plain form, replace the final う-sound with あない:
| Affirmative | Negative | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| 行く (iku) | 行かない (ikanai) | don't go |
| 食べる (taberu) | 食べない (tabenai) | don't eat |
| する (suru) | しない (shinai) | don't do |
| 来る (kuru) | 来ない (konai) | don't come |
い-Adjective Negation
Drop the final い and add くない (plain) or くないです (polite):
| Affirmative | Negative (polite) | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| 高い (takai) | 高くないです (takakunai desu) | not expensive |
| 大きい (ookii) | 大きくないです (ookikunai desu) | not big |
| 面白い (omoshiroi) | 面白くないです (omoshirokunai desu) | not interesting |
| いい / 良い (ii / yoi) | よくないです (yokunai desu) | not good |
Note: いい is irregular -- it becomes よくない, not いくない.
な-Adjective Negation
Add じゃないです (polite casual) or じゃありません (polite formal):
| Affirmative | Negative | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| 静かです (shizuka desu) | 静かじゃないです (shizuka ja nai desu) | not quiet |
| 好きです (suki desu) | 好きじゃないです (suki ja nai desu) | don't like |
| 元気です (genki desu) | 元気じゃないです (genki ja nai desu) | not well |
| きれいです (kirei desu) | きれいじゃないです (kirei ja nai desu) | not pretty |
Noun + です Negation
Same pattern as な-adjectives:
| Affirmative | Negative (casual polite) | Negative (formal polite) |
|---|---|---|
| 学生です (gakusei desu) | 学生じゃないです (gakusei ja nai desu) | 学生じゃありません (gakusei ja arimasen) |
| 日本人です (nihonjin desu) | 日本人じゃないです | 日本人じゃありません |
Summary Table
| Type | Affirmative | Negative (polite) |
|---|---|---|
| Verb | ~ます | ~ません |
| い-adj | ~いです | ~くないです |
| な-adj | ~です | ~じゃないです |
| Noun | ~です | ~じゃないです / じゃありません |
Examples in Context
| Japanese | English | Note |
|---|---|---|
| 行きません。(ikimasen) | I don't go. | Verb: ます → ません |
| 高くないです。(takakunai desu) | It's not expensive. | い-adj: い → くない |
| 静かじゃないです。(shizuka ja nai desu) | It's not quiet. | な-adj + じゃない |
| 学生じゃありません。(gakusei ja arimasen) | I'm not a student. | Noun + じゃありません |
| 分かりません。(wakarimasen) | I don't understand. | Very useful phrase |
| 日本語は難しくないです。(nihongo wa muzukashikunai desu) | Japanese is not difficult. | い-adj negation |
| 肉は好きじゃないです。(niku wa suki ja nai desu) | I don't like meat. | な-adj negation |
| 今日は暑くないです。(kyou wa atsukunai desu) | It's not hot today. | い-adj negation |
| コーヒーは飲みません。(koohii wa nomimasen) | I don't drink coffee. | Verb negation with は |
| あの映画はよくないです。(ano eiga wa yokunai desu) | That movie is not good. | Irregular: いい → よくない |
| 彼は日本人じゃないです。(kare wa nihonjin ja nai desu) | He is not Japanese. | Noun negation |
| ここは静かじゃありません。(koko wa shizuka ja arimasen) | This place is not quiet. | Formal polite form |
Common Mistakes
Using いくない instead of よくない
- Wrong: この映画はいくないです。
- Right: この映画はよくないです。
- Why: いい is irregular. All conjugated forms (negative, past, adverb) come from 良い (yoi), not いい. So the negative is よくない.
Negating い-adjectives like な-adjectives
- Wrong: 高いじゃないです。
- Right: 高くないです。
- Why: い-adjectives use their own negation pattern (い → くない). Only な-adjectives and nouns use じゃない.
Confusing じゃないです and じゃありません
- Wrong: Using them in the wrong register is not a grammar error, but sounds unnatural.
- Right: Both are correct. じゃないです is neutral polite; じゃありません is more formal.
- Why: In everyday conversation, じゃないです is more common. Use じゃありません for business or very polite contexts.
Double negation by accident
- Wrong: 食べませんじゃないです。
- Right: 食べません。 or 食べます。
- Why: Pick one negation form. Double negation in Japanese either sounds wrong or means something very different from what beginners intend.
Forgetting は for contrast in negation
- Wrong: 肉が好きじゃないです。 (grammatical but less natural)
- Right: 肉は好きじゃないです。
- Why: When negating, は is often used instead of が to add a contrastive nuance: "As for meat, I don't like it (but other things are fine)."
Practice Tips
Create affirmative-negative pairs. For every new word you learn, immediately practice its negative form. Write both on flashcards: 高い / 高くない, 食べます / 食べません.
Practice answering questions with "no." When you hear a yes/no question (日本人ですか?), practice the negative answer (いいえ、日本人じゃないです) every time. This builds fluency with negation patterns.
Sort words by category first. Before negating a word, identify its type (verb, い-adj, な-adj, noun). This habit prevents mixing up negation patterns.
Related Concepts
- Prerequisite: Polite Form ます -- you need to know ます-form verbs before learning to negate them
Prerequisite
Polite Form ますA1More A1 concepts
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