Negation with *nicht* and *kein* in German
Verneinung mit nicht/kein
This article is part of the German grammar tree on Settemila Lingue.
In Brief
Use kein to negate a noun that would otherwise have ein/eine or no article: Das ist ein Hund → Das ist kein Hund. Use nicht to negate verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositional phrases, proper names, and nouns with definite or possessive words: Ich verstehe nicht; Das ist nicht mein Hund. The exact position of nicht depends on what you are negating.
Overview
German has two main everyday ways to say “not”: nicht and kein. English often uses not, do not, or no, but the German choice depends mainly on whether the negative word belongs directly to a noun. A noun is a word for a person, place, thing, or idea, such as Mann, Berlin, Buch, or Zeit.
This distinction appears at A1 and is essential in ordinary conversation: saying that you do not understand, do not have time, or are not at home all requires negation. The beginner rule is manageable: use kein with an indefinite noun, and nicht for almost everything else. You already know part of the pattern if you know the indefinite articles ein and eine, because kein takes the same endings.
The choice of word is only half the topic. You must also put nicht in the right place. German normally places it close to the element it negates, but when it negates the whole statement it tends to come late in the clause. The sections below begin with reliable A1 patterns, then separate out the more subtle effects of emphasis and sentence structure.
How It Works
The basic choice: nicht or kein?
Ask what the positive sentence contains.
| Positive pattern | Negative pattern | Example |
|---|---|---|
| indefinite article ein/eine + noun | kein/keine + noun | Sie hat eine Katze. → Sie hat keine Katze. |
| plural or uncountable noun with no article | kein- + noun | Wir haben Zeit. → Wir haben keine Zeit. |
| definite article der/die/das + noun | nicht + noun phrase | Das ist nicht der Bus. |
| possessive word such as mein/dein + noun | nicht + noun phrase | Das ist nicht meine Jacke. |
| verb, adjective, adverb, place, or other detail | nicht | Er arbeitet nicht. / Es ist nicht teuer. |
A noun phrase is simply a noun together with the words attached to it, such as der Bus or meine Jacke. Do not use kein merely because a noun appears somewhere in the sentence. Use it when the noun itself is being denied as an indefinite item or quantity.
Compare:
- Das ist kein Kaffee. — That is not coffee. / That is no coffee.
- Das ist nicht der Kaffee, den ich bestellt habe. — That is not the coffee I ordered.
- Das ist nicht mein Kaffee. — That is not my coffee.
Kein follows the ein pattern
Kein is an article-like word: it stands before a noun and changes its ending. The ending shows gender, number, and case (the form that marks a noun’s role in the sentence). At A1, the most useful cases are the nominative, usually the subject, and the accusative, usually the direct object—the person or thing directly affected by an action.
| Gender/number | Nominative | Accusative | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | kein | keinen | Kein Zug kommt. / Ich sehe keinen Zug. |
| feminine | keine | keine | Keine Lampe brennt. / Ich kaufe keine Lampe. |
| neuter | kein | kein | Kein Kind wartet. / Ich sehe kein Kind. |
| plural | keine | keine | Keine Busse fahren. / Wir haben keine Tickets. |
The masculine accusative is the form beginners most often miss: Ich habe keinen Bruder, not kein Bruder. There is no plural indefinite article corresponding to English “some,” but the negative plural still uses keine: Ich habe Freunde → Ich habe keine Freunde.
For later reference, the full pattern also includes dative and genitive. The dative often marks a recipient or follows certain prepositions; the genitive often expresses possession and is less central in beginner speech.
| Gender/number | Nominative | Accusative | Dative | Genitive |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | kein | keinen | keinem | keines |
| feminine | keine | keine | keiner | keiner |
| neuter | kein | kein | keinem | keines |
| plural | keine | keine | keinen | keiner |
In the dative plural, the noun itself usually also gains -n when possible: mit keinen Freunden.
Where to put nicht: the beginner patterns
When nicht negates one particular word or phrase, put it directly before that element:
- before an adjective: Der Film ist nicht interessant.
- before an adverb: Sie fährt nicht schnell.
- before a prepositional phrase (a phrase beginning with a word such as in, mit, or nach): Wir wohnen nicht in Berlin.
- before a proper name or a contrasting noun phrase: Das ist nicht Anna, sondern Mia.
When nicht negates the whole statement, it usually comes toward the end. With a simple verb and no later element that naturally belongs at the end, it can be sentence-final:
- Ich verstehe nicht.
- Der Drucker funktioniert nicht.
- Er kommt heute nicht.
German clauses can also have a sentence bracket: one verb element appears near the beginning and another closes the clause. In that structure, whole-sentence nicht normally comes before the closing verb element:
- modal verb + infinitive (the dictionary form): Ich kann heute nicht kommen.
- separable verb: Sie ruft mich nicht an.
- perfect tense: Wir haben das nicht gesehen.
Do not memorize “nicht always goes at the end.” It goes late when it denies the whole statement, but normally before an infinitive, separated prefix, or past participle (the verb form used in a tense such as hat gemacht).
Position changes the focus
Moving nicht can change what the listener understands as the contrast:
- Ich fahre morgen nicht nach Hamburg. — I am not going to Hamburg tomorrow (perhaps somewhere else).
- Ich fahre nicht morgen nach Hamburg. — I am not going tomorrow (perhaps another day).
- Ich fahre morgen nicht nach Hamburg. — In a neutral context, the planned trip to Hamburg is denied as a whole.
Speech stress helps clarify the intended contrast. For an A1 learner, the safest method is to place nicht immediately before the detail you explicitly want to correct. Use a late nicht for a neutral denial of the action or statement.
Nicht with nouns
Some simplified rules say “kein negates nouns,” but that is incomplete. A noun with a definite article, demonstrative, possessive, name, or other identifying word normally keeps that word and takes nicht:
- nicht das Auto — not the car
- nicht dieses Auto — not this car
- nicht mein Auto — not my car
- nicht Peters Auto — not Peter’s car
Choose kein Auto when you mean no car/not a car, without identifying a particular one.
Examples in Context
| German | English | Note |
|---|---|---|
| Ich verstehe nicht. | I don’t understand. | Nicht negates the action as a whole. |
| Das ist kein Hund. | That is not a dog. | Indefinite masculine noun, nominative. |
| Er kommt heute nicht. | He is not coming today. | Neutral denial of the whole statement. |
| Wir haben keine Zeit. | We have no time. | Uncountable noun with no article in the positive sentence. |
| Sie kauft keinen Kaffee. | She is not buying any coffee. | Masculine accusative: keinen. |
| Heute fahren keine Busse. | No buses are running today. | Plural noun: keine. |
| Das Essen ist nicht teuer. | The food is not expensive. | Nicht before an adjective. |
| Paul spricht nicht schnell. | Paul does not speak quickly. | Nicht before an adverb. |
| Ich wohne nicht in Köln. | I do not live in Cologne. | Nicht before a place phrase. |
| Das ist nicht meine Tasche. | That is not my bag. | The possessive meine remains. |
| Wir können morgen nicht kommen. | We cannot come tomorrow. | Nicht comes before the infinitive kommen. |
| Lea ruft heute nicht an. | Lea is not calling today. | Nicht comes before the separated prefix an. |
| Ich trinke keinen Tee, sondern Wasser. | I’m not drinking tea, but water. | Keinen denies the noun; sondern introduces the correction. |
| Nicht Jonas, sondern Amir kocht heute. | Not Jonas but Amir is cooking today. | Direct contrast of two names. |
| Sie hat die Nachricht nicht gelesen. | She did not read the message. | Nicht comes before the past participle gelesen. |
Common Mistakes
Using nicht where German needs kein
- Wrong: Ich habe nicht Auto.
- Right: Ich habe kein Auto.
- Why: The positive form is Ich habe ein Auto. To deny the indefinite noun, replace ein with kein.
Using kein with a definite or possessive noun
- Wrong: Das ist kein mein Schlüssel.
- Right: Das ist nicht mein Schlüssel.
- Why: Mein already determines which key you mean. Keep it and use nicht. The same applies to der/die/das and dieser/diese/dieses.
Forgetting the masculine accusative ending
- Wrong: Sie hat kein Bruder.
- Right: Sie hat keinen Bruder.
- Why: Bruder is masculine and is the direct object of hat, so kein takes the accusative ending -en.
Putting nicht after the closing verb element
- Wrong: Ich kann kommen nicht.
- Right: Ich kann nicht kommen.
- Why: The infinitive kommen closes the sentence bracket. Whole-sentence nicht stands before it.
Treating nicht as automatically sentence-final
- Wrong: Ich wohne in Berlin nicht. (unless an unusual contrast is intended)
- Right: Ich wohne nicht in Berlin.
- Why: Here the place phrase is what is denied, so nicht normally comes directly before it.
Copying English do not word for word
- Wrong: Ich tue nicht verstehen.
- Right: Ich verstehe nicht.
- Why: German does not normally add an equivalent of English auxiliary do to form a negative. Conjugate the main verb and add nicht.
Usage Notes
Nein answers a question; it does not replace nicht or kein
Nein means “no” as a standalone answer: Kommst du? — Nein. Inside the explanation that follows, use the normal negative form: Nein, ich komme nicht or Nein, ich habe keine Zeit.
Negative answers may preserve German logic
To agree with a negative statement, German commonly uses nein: Du kommst nicht? — Nein, ich komme nicht. To contradict it, German has doch: Du kommst nicht? — Doch! (“Actually, yes, I am.”). This is not a third way to build a negative sentence, but it is closely connected to understanding negative questions.
Nicht … sondern … makes a correction
Use sondern (“but rather”) after a negative when you replace one item with another:
- Wir fahren nicht am Montag, sondern am Dienstag.
- Das ist keine Birne, sondern ein Apfel.
English but covers several jobs; German generally uses sondern for this direct correction after a negative, and aber for an ordinary contrast.
Natural English translations vary
German kein may correspond to English “no,” “not a,” or “not any”:
- Ich habe kein Fahrrad. — I don’t have a bicycle.
- Wir kaufen keine Milch. — We aren’t buying any milk.
- Keine Gäste sind da. — No guests are here.
Do not choose between nicht and kein by matching one English word. Look at the German noun phrase instead.
Beyond the Basics / Advanced Use
You do not need to master every detail here at A1, but these patterns explain sentences you will meet later.
Scope can create more than one meaning
The scope of a negative is the part of the message that it applies to. Alle Studenten kommen nicht can be unclear: in some contexts it may be understood as “not all students are coming,” while it can also be taken as “all the students are not coming.” Good German often avoids the ambiguity:
- Nicht alle Studenten kommen. — Not all students are coming.
- Kein Student kommt. — No student is coming.
Likewise, nicht immer means “not always,” which is weaker than nie (“never”): Er kommt nicht immer pünktlich does not say that he is never punctual.
One negative is normally enough
Standard German does not generally use a negative-concord pattern like “I didn’t see nobody.” Use one clear negative expression:
- Ich habe niemanden gesehen. — I saw nobody.
- Ich habe nichts gesehen. — I saw nothing.
- Ich habe nie dort gearbeitet. — I never worked there.
Forms such as niemand (nobody), nichts (nothing), and nie (never) already make the clause negative, so an additional nicht is normally unnecessary and nonstandard for the intended meaning.
Kein can be used independently
When the noun is obvious, a form of kein can stand without repeating it:
- Hast du einen Stift? — Nein, ich habe keinen.
- Gibt es noch Tickets? — Nein, es gibt keine mehr.
The ending still reflects the omitted noun: Stift is masculine accusative, hence keinen.
The position of neutral nicht depends on information structure
Advanced descriptions of German word order distinguish between elements closely tied to the verb and elements presented as background or focus. This is why a single slogan about “the end of the sentence” cannot cover every natural clause. Compare Ich arbeite heute nicht with Ich arbeite nicht heute, sondern morgen. The first denies today’s working in a neutral way; the second explicitly contrasts heute with morgen. Context and stress matter alongside grammar.
Fixed verb–noun combinations can also favor nicht rather than kein when the expression is understood as an activity rather than possession of an object. For example, Ich spiele nicht Klavier means “I don’t play the piano.” By contrast, Ich habe kein Klavier means that I do not own or have a piano available. Learn such combinations as complete phrases rather than forcing a mechanical noun rule onto them.
Practice Tips
- Transform positive sentences in pairs. Write Ich habe ein Ticket beside Ich habe kein Ticket, then change gender, number, and case: eine Frage/keine Frage, einen Termin/keinen Termin, Freunde/keine Freunde.
- Mark the focus before placing nicht. In a sentence such as “I am not going to Munich tomorrow,” decide whether you are correcting the destination, the day, or the whole plan. Then say nicht nach München, nicht morgen, or use a neutral late nicht.
- Listen for the sentence bracket. Collect examples with modal verbs, separable verbs, and the perfect tense. Highlight the pair—kann … kommen, ruft … an, hat … gelesen—and place nicht just before the closing verb element.
Related Concepts
- Prerequisite: Indefinite Articles (Nominative) — kein follows the same basic gender pattern as ein and eine.
Prerequisite
German Indefinite Articles in the NominativeA1More A1 concepts
This concept in other languages
Compare across all languages
Practice Negation with nicht/kein in German with a free Settemila Lingue account. We will set up German · A1 and generate cards for this exact grammar concept.
Practice this concept