Ability ことができる
可能表現(ことができる)
Ability ことができる in Japanese
Overview
The pattern ことができる (koto ga dekiru) expresses ability or possibility, translating as "can do" or "is able to do." It is a formal and versatile way to express what you can and cannot do. While Japanese also has a potential verb form (learned at B1), ことができる is often preferred in polite speech, written Japanese, and when you want to sound clear and precise.
At the A2 level, this pattern gives you an important communicative tool. You can talk about your skills, ask about others' abilities, and describe what is or is not possible in various situations. It pairs well with the plain/dictionary form, which you should already be comfortable with.
How It Works
Formation
Verb (dictionary form) + ことができる
| Form | Pattern | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Affirmative (polite) | dict. form + ことができます | 話すことができます |
| Negative (polite) | dict. form + ことができません | 話すことができません |
| Affirmative (casual) | dict. form + ことができる | 話すことができる |
| Past | dict. form + ことができました | 話すことができました |
Noun + ができる
For skills or abilities expressed as nouns, use the simpler pattern:
Noun + ができる
| Example | Meaning |
|---|---|
| 日本語ができる | can speak Japanese / knows Japanese |
| 料理ができる | can cook |
| 運転ができる | can drive |
| ピアノができる | can play piano |
ことができる vs. potential form
| Feature | ことができる | Potential form |
|---|---|---|
| Formality | More formal | More casual |
| Usage | Writing, polite speech | Conversation |
| Formation | Dictionary form + ことができる | Conjugation change |
| Example | 食べることができる | 食べられる |
Both mean the same thing; the choice is about register.
Examples in Context
| Japanese | English | Note |
|---|---|---|
| 日本語を話すことができます。 | I can speak Japanese. | Polite, formal |
| 泳ぐことができますか? | Can you swim? | Polite question |
| 車を運転することができません。 | I cannot drive a car. | Negative |
| 料理ができます。 | I can cook. | Noun + ができる |
| ここでは写真を撮ることができます。 | You can take photos here. | Permission/possibility |
| この漢字を読むことができますか? | Can you read this kanji? | Ability question |
| 子供の時、自転車に乗ることができませんでした。 | When I was a child, I couldn't ride a bicycle. | Past negative |
| 日本語ができる人を探しています。 | I'm looking for someone who can speak Japanese. | Noun pattern in clause |
| インターネットで予約することができます。 | You can make a reservation on the internet. | Possibility |
| 彼女はピアノができます。 | She can play piano. | Noun + ができる |
Common Mistakes
Using ます-form instead of dictionary form before こと
- Wrong: 話しますことができます。
- Right: 話すことができます。
- Why: こと nominalizes the verb, which must be in plain (dictionary) form, not polite form.
Confusing できる (ability) with する (do)
- Wrong: 日本語をします。 (meaning "I can speak Japanese")
- Right: 日本語ができます。
- Why: する means "to do." できる means "to be able to do" or "to be possible." They are different verbs.
Using を with the noun + ができる pattern
- Wrong: 日本語をができます。
- Right: 日本語ができます。
- Why: With the noun + ができる pattern, the noun takes が (or は for contrast), not を.
Overusing ことができる in casual speech
- Wrong: 泳ぐことができる? (asking a friend casually)
- Right: 泳げる? (potential form, more natural in casual speech)
- Why: ことができる sounds formal in casual conversation. Among friends, the potential form is preferred. Save ことができる for polite or written contexts.
Usage Notes
ことができる is the safer choice when you are unsure about potential form conjugations. It always follows the same pattern regardless of verb type, so there is no risk of conjugation errors. As you advance to B1, you will learn the potential form and start choosing between the two based on context.
In written Japanese (signs, instructions, formal documents), ことができます is the standard. You will see it on information boards: ここで荷物を預けることができます (You can leave your luggage here).
Practice Tips
- List your skills and hobbies, then express each using both patterns: 料理ができます and 料理を作ることができます. This helps you feel the difference.
- Practice asking ability questions in polite form for real-world situations: 英語を話すことができますか? クレジットカードを使うことができますか?
- Compare ことができる with the simple present tense. 日本語を話します (I speak Japanese — statement of fact) vs. 日本語を話すことができます (I can speak Japanese — emphasis on ability).
Related Concepts
- Prerequisite: Plain/Dictionary Form — dictionary form is needed before こと
- Next steps: こと Expressions — other uses of こと in grammar patterns
Prerequisite
Plain/Dictionary FormA2Concepts that build on this
More A2 concepts
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