間接話法

32言語

B1Reported speech with verbs like decir, preguntar, responder. Changes: que for statements, si for yes/no questions. Tense backshift when reporting verb is past.

フランス語Discours Indirect

B1Reported speech with verbs like dire, demander, répondre. Changes: que for statements, si for yes/no questions, question words remain. Tense shifts apply.

イタリア語Discorso Indiretto

B2Reporting what someone said. Tense shifts when main verb is past: present → imperfect, passato prossimo → pluperfect, future → past conditional. Time/place references change.

ポルトガル語Discurso Indireto

B1Reported speech with verbs like dizer, perguntar, responder. Tense backshift when reporting verb is past. Que for statements, se for yes/no questions.

日本語間接話法

C1Reporting speech with tense/perspective shifts: ということだ (it is said that), とのことだ (according to), と伝えられている (it is reported). Distinguishing hearsay sources.

ヒンディー語परोक्ष कथन

B1Reporting speech with कि (that) clause. Tense shifting is less strict than English. Use कहना, बताना, सोचना, पूछना as reporting verbs.

ロシア語Косвенная речь

B1Indirect speech with что (that), чтобы (in order to/that), ли (whether). No tense shift rule. Pronouns and time expressions may change. Question words stay same.

オランダ語Indirecte Rede

B2Reporting what someone said. Tense shifts from direct speech. Present→simple past, perfect→past perfect, will→zou. Time/place references change. 'Of' for yes/no questions.

スウェーデン語Indirekt Tal

B2Reported speech with tense shift and pronoun changes. 'Att' often omitted after verbs of saying/thinking.

トルコ語Dolaylı Anlatım

B1Reporting what others said using -dik/-dığını/-diğini or direct quote with diye. Less tense shifting than English.

ポーランド語Mowa Zależna

B2Reported speech with że-clauses. Tense remains unchanged in Polish (unlike English). Conditional for reported requests.

デンマーク語Indirekte Tale

B2Reported speech with tense shift and pronoun changes. 'At' often omitted after verbs of saying/thinking.

ノルウェー語Indirekte Tale

B2Reported speech with tense shift and pronoun changes. 'At' often omitted after verbs of saying/thinking.

フィンランド語Referatiivi

B2Reported speech using että-clauses or participle constructions. Tense shifting and pronoun changes apply.

ギリシャ語Πλάγιος Λόγος

B2Reported speech with ότι/πως (that), αν (if/whether). Greek often keeps original tense in indirect speech.

チェコ語Nepřímá Řeč

B2Reported speech with že-clauses. Czech often maintains original tense. Conditional for reported requests with aby.

ルーマニア語Vorbirea Indirectă

B2Indirect discourse with appropriate tense and pronoun shifts. Uses 'că' (that), 'dacă' (if/whether), 'să' (to) after reporting verbs.

ハンガリー語Függő Beszéd

B2Indirect discourse with hogy (that) conjunction. No tense shift in Hungarian reported speech, unlike English.

ヘブライ語דיבור עקיף

B2Reported speech with ש- clauses. Tense often shifts (like English). Questions reported with אם or interrogative words.

タイ語คำพูดรายงาน

B2Reported speech with ว่า [wâa] (that): บอกว่า (said that), ถามว่า (asked whether). No tense shift needed.

ベトナム語Lời Nói Gián Tiếp

B2Reported speech with rằng/là (that): nói rằng (said that), hỏi xem (asked whether). No tense shift needed.

インドネシア語Kalimat Tak Langsung

B2Reported speech with bahwa (that): mengatakan bahwa (said that), bertanya apakah (asked whether). No tense shift.

ウクライナ語Непряма Мова

B2Reported speech with що-clauses. Tense often shifts. Conditional for reported requests with щоб.

スワヒリ語Usemi wa Taarifa

B2Indirect speech introduced by kwamba/kuwa (that). Tense shifts from direct speech: -na- may become -li- or remain. Verbs of saying: alisema (said), aliambia (told), alidai (claimed).

ペルシア語نقل قول

B2Direct and indirect reported speech using گفت ke (said that). Tense backshifting occurs in formal register. Colloquial often preserves original tense. Uses verbs like گفتن, پرسیدن, جواب دادن.

フィリピノ語Di-tuwirang Pagsasalita (Daw/Raw)

B1Reported speech uses daw/raw (hearsay particle, 'they say/it is said'). Daw follows consonants, raw follows vowels. Also uses sabi (said) constructions.

ウルドゥー語بالواسطہ بیان

B2Indirect speech uses کہ ke (that) after verbs of saying. Tense may shift. Pronouns adjust. Direct quotation common in Urdu. Verbs: کہنا kahnā (say), پوچھنا pūchnā (ask), بتانا batānā (tell).

ヨルバ語Ọ̀rọ̀ Àròyé

B2Indirect speech uses pé (that) or kí (that, for commands): Ó sọ pé ó máa wá (He said that he would come). Direct speech is also common and introduced by pé without tense shifts.

マオリ語Kupu Kōpā

B2Indirect questions: 'Kāore au e mōhio mehemea...' (I don't know whether...). Embedded clauses: 'te mea i kōrero ai ia' (the thing he/she said). Complex information reporting.

広東語間接引述

B2Reporting what others said using 話 waa6 (say/said). Direct quotation uses 話 + quoted speech. Indirect reporting may shift pronouns but not tense (no tense inflection in Cantonese).

カタロニア語Estil Indirecte

B2Indirect speech with tense backshift: present→imperfect, periphrastic past→pluperfect, future→conditional. Pronoun and time reference changes. Introduced by 'que' after verbs of saying.

英語Reported Statements

B1Reporting what someone said. Tense backshift: present→past, past→past perfect, will→would. Say/tell. Pronoun and time changes.

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