태국어 문법
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A1 (31)
태국어에서 Thai Alphabet(อักษรไทย)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. 44 consonants (divided into high/mid/low classes), 32 vowel symbols (short/long pairs), 4 tone marks. Tone determined by consonant class and vowel length.
태국어에서 Tones(วรรณยุกต์)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Thai has 5 tones: mid (−), low (่), falling (้), high (๊), rising (๋). Tone changes meaning: ข้าว (rice) vs ข่าว (news). Essential for comprehension.
태국어에서 Personal Pronouns(สรรพนามบุคคล)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Many pronouns based on gender, politeness, relationship. Common: ผม (I-male), ฉัน/ดิฉัน (I-female), คุณ (you-polite), เขา (he/she/they).
태국어에서 เป็น (to be)(คำว่า เป็น)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. เป็น [pen] = 'to be' for nouns/occupations. คือ [khʉʉ] = 'is/means' for definitions. อยู่ [yùu] for location. No conjugation.
태국어에서 มี (to have/there is)(คำว่า มี)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. มี [mii] = 'to have' or 'there is/are'. Existential: มีคนมา (someone came/there's someone). Possession: ผมมีรถ (I have a car).
태국어에서 Basic Verb Structure(โครงสร้างกริยาพื้นฐาน)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Verbs don't conjugate. Tense shown by context or particles: กำลัง (continuous), แล้ว (completed), จะ (future). Word order: Subject + Verb + Object.
태국어에서 Adjectives as Verbs(คำคุณศัพท์)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Adjectives function as stative verbs: ร้อน = 'is hot', ดี = 'is good'. Follow nouns in noun phrases: รถสีแดง (red car).
태국어에서 Negation(การปฏิเสธ)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Negation with ไม่ [mâi] before verb/adjective. ไม่ใช่ [mâi châi] for 'is not' with nouns. ยัง...ไม่ [yang...mâi] = 'not yet'.
태국어에서 Question Formation(การถามคำถาม)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Yes/no questions with ไหม [mǎi] or หรือ [rʉ̌ʉ] at end. Question words: อะไร (what), ใคร (who), ที่ไหน (where), เมื่อไหร่ (when), ทำไม (why), อย่างไร (how).
태국어에서 Classifiers (Basic)(ลักษณนาม)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Classifiers required when counting: number + classifier + noun OR noun + number + classifier. คน (people), ตัว (animals), อัน (objects), เล่ม (books).
태국어에서 Numbers and Time(ตัวเลขและเวลา)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Numbers 0-100. Thai has unique numerals (๐-๙) but Arabic commonly used. Telling time: กี่โมง (what time), บาท (baht currency).
태국어에서 Politeness Particles(คำลงท้าย)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Sentence-final particles for politeness: ครับ [khráp] (male), ค่ะ/คะ [khâ/khá] (female). Used constantly in polite speech.
태국어에서 Basic Prepositions(คำบุพบท)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Location prepositions: ที่ (at/in), บน (on), ใน (in), ใต้ (under), ข้าง (beside), หน้า (in front), หลัง (behind).
태국어에서 Demonstratives(คำชี้เฉพาะ)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Demonstrative words: นี้ (this), นั้น (that), โน้น (that over there), ที่นี่ (here), ที่นั่น (there). Follow the noun: รถคันนี้ (this car).
태국어에서 Common Verbs(กริยาพื้นฐาน)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Essential everyday verbs: ไป (go), มา (come), กิน (eat), ดื่ม (drink), นอน (sleep), ทำ (do/make), พูด (speak), เขียน (write), อ่าน (read).
태국어에서 Basic Time Words(คำบอกเวลาพื้นฐาน)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Essential time expressions: วันนี้ (today), เมื่อวาน (yesterday), พรุ่งนี้ (tomorrow), ตอนนี้ (now), เช้า/เที่ยง/บ่าย/เย็น/ค่ำ (morning/noon/afternoon/evening/night).
태국어에서 Possession(ความเป็นเจ้าของ)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Possession with ของ [khɔ̌ɔng]: หนังสือของผม (my book). Often ของ is dropped: หนังสือผม. Possessive follows noun. ของใคร? (whose?).
태국어에서 Basic Conjunctions(คำเชื่อมพื้นฐาน)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Simple conjunctions: และ (and), หรือ (or), แต่ (but), เพราะ (because), เลย (so/therefore), แล้วก็ (and then).
태국어에서 Basic Adverbs(คำวิเศษณ์พื้นฐาน)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Common adverbs: มาก (very/much), เกินไป (too much), ก็ (also), ด้วย (also/too), แค่ (only/just), ยัง (still).
태국어에서 Basic Expressions(สำนวนพื้นฐาน)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Essential daily expressions: สวัสดี (hello), ลาก่อน (goodbye), ขอโทษ (sorry), ไม่เป็นไร (it's okay), ช่วยด้วย (help).
태국어에서 Basic Commands and Requests(คำสั่งและคำขอ)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Simple imperatives and polite requests: ไป (go), มานี่ (come here), นั่ง (sit). Softened with ช่วย (please help), กรุณา (please), or final particles.
태국어에서 Consonant Classes and Tone Rules(อักษรสามหมู่)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Three consonant classes: อักษรกลาง (mid), อักษรสูง (high), อักษรต่ำ (low). Class determines tone with vowel length and tone marks.
태국어에서 Likes, Wants, and Needs(ชอบ อยาก ต้องการ)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Expressing preferences: ชอบ (like), อยาก (want to), ต้องการ (need/want-formal), เกลียด (hate). Followed directly by verb or noun.
태국어에서 Family Terms(คำเรียกครอบครัว)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Family vocabulary: พ่อ (father), แม่ (mother), พี่ (older sibling), น้อง (younger sibling), ลูก (child). Also used as social pronouns.
태국어에서 Colors(สี)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Basic colors: แดง (red), เขียว (green), น้ำเงิน/ฟ้า (blue), เหลือง (yellow), ขาว (white), ดำ (black). Colors follow สี: สีแดง (red color).
태국어에서 Days, Months, and Dates(วันเดือนปี)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Days: วันจันทร์ through วันอาทิตย์. Months: มกราคม through ธันวาคม (Sanskrit-derived). Date format: วันที่ + number + month + year (Buddhist Era).
태국어에서 Location Words(คำบอกสถานที่)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Essential place vocabulary: บ้าน (home), โรงเรียน (school), ตลาด (market), โรงพยาบาล (hospital), ร้านอาหาร (restaurant). Used with อยู่/ไป/มา.
태국어에서 Knowing and Understanding(รู้และเข้าใจ)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Knowledge verbs: รู้ (know a fact), รู้จัก (know a person/be familiar), เข้าใจ (understand). รู้ + verb = know how to (informal).
태국어에서 Vowel System(สระ)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. 32 vowel symbols forming 18 vowel phonemes: short/long pairs (อะ/อา, อิ/อี, อุ/อู). Vowels written above, below, before, or after consonants. Complex placement rules.
태국어에서 ได้ (Can/Get/Able)(คำว่า ได้)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Multifunctional word ได้: ability (พูดได้ = can speak), past marker (ได้ไป = went), permission (ได้เลย = go ahead), and result (ซื้อได้ = managed to buy).
태국어에서 Thai Reading Rules(กฎการอ่าน)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Silent consonants (การันต์ marked with ์), consonant clusters, special readings: ทร = ซ sound, irregular words like จริง [jing], สามารถ [sǎa-mâat].
A2 (10)
태국어에서 Tense and Aspect Markers(คำบอกกาลและมุมมอง)은(는) A2 (초중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Past: ได้ [dâai] (accomplished), แล้ว [lɛ́ɛo] (completed). Progressive: กำลัง [kamlang]. Future: จะ [jà]. Habitual: usually context/adverbs.
태국어에서 Serial Verb Constructions(กริยาเรียงต่อกัน)은(는) A2 (초중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Multiple verbs in sequence: ไปกิน (go eat), มานั่ง (come sit), เดินออก (walk out). Very common pattern in Thai.
태국어에서 Modal Verbs(กริยาช่วย)은(는) A2 (초중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Modals: ได้ [dâai] (can/able), ต้อง [tɔ̂ng] (must), ควร [khuan] (should), อาจ [àat] (might), อยาก [yàak] (want to).
태국어에서 Comparison(การเปรียบเทียบ)은(는) A2 (초중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Comparative: A + adj + กว่า + B. Superlative: adj + ที่สุด. Equality: A + adj + เท่ากับ + B.
태국어에서 Advanced Classifiers(ลักษณนามขั้นสูง)은(는) A2 (초중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. More classifiers: ใบ (leaves/paper/tickets), ชิ้น (pieces), คู่ (pairs), ชุด (sets), ที่ (places), ครั้ง (times/occasions).
태국어에서 Temporal Connectors(คำเชื่อมเวลา)은(는) A2 (초중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Time connectors: เมื่อ/ตอน (when), ก่อน (before), หลัง/หลังจาก (after), ขณะที่ (while), ทันทีที่ (as soon as), ตั้งแต่ (since).
태국어에서 Quantity Expressions(คำบอกปริมาณ)은(는) A2 (초중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Quantity words: เยอะ/มาก (many/much), น้อย (few/little), ทุก (every), ทั้งหมด (all), บาง (some), พอ (enough).
태국어에서 Reflexive and Reciprocal(สะท้อนและซึ่งกันและกัน)은(는) A2 (초중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Reflexive: ตัวเอง [tua-eeng] (self). Reciprocal: กัน [kan] (each other), ซึ่งกันและกัน (one another). Also: ด้วยกัน (together).
태국어에서 Resultative Complements(กริยาเสริมผล)은(는) A2 (초중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Verb + result complement: กินหมด (eat up/finish), ฟังเข้าใจ (listen and understand), มองเห็น (look and see), หาเจอ (search and find).
태국어에서 Advanced Prepositions(บุพบทขั้นสูง)은(는) A2 (초중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Complex prepositions: จาก...ถึง (from...to), ระหว่าง (between), รอบ (around), เกี่ยวกับ (regarding), ตาม (according to/along).
B1 (14)
태국어에서 Relative Clauses(อนุประโยคคุณศัพท์)은(는) B1 (중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Relative clauses with ที่ [thîi] (who/which/that): คนที่มา (the person who came), หนังสือที่อ่าน (the book that I read).
태국어에서 Conditional Sentences(ประโยคเงื่อนไข)은(는) B1 (중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Conditional with ถ้า [thâa] (if), หาก [hàak] (if-formal). Real and unreal conditionals. Result: ก็ [kɔ̂ɔ].
태국어에서 Passive Voice(กรรมวาจก)은(는) B1 (중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Passive with ถูก [thùuk] (for adverse events) or โดน [doon] (colloquial). ได้รับ [dâi ráp] for positive/neutral passive.
태국어에서 Causative Constructions(การทำให้)은(는) B1 (중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Causative with ให้ [hâi]: ทำให้ (make/cause), บอกให้ (tell to), ขอให้ (request to). Also permission: ให้...ได้.
태국어에서 Exclamations and Emphasis(คำอุทานและการเน้น)은(는) B1 (중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Emphasis patterns: มาก/เหลือเกิน (so/extremely), จริงๆ (really), ขนาดไหน (how much!). Exclamatory structures for expressing emotions.
태국어에서 Purpose Clauses(ประโยคจุดประสงค์)은(는) B1 (중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Purpose clauses with เพื่อ [phʉ̂a] (in order to) or เพื่อที่จะ (so that): เรียนเพื่อสอบ (study to take the exam). Also: ให้ used for purpose.
태국어에서 Directional Verbs(กริยาบอกทิศทาง)은(는) B1 (중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Directional complements: ออก (out), เข้า (in), ขึ้น (up), ลง (down), ไป (away from speaker), มา (toward speaker). Combined with main verbs.
태국어에서 Result and Consequence(ผลและผลลัพธ์)은(는) B1 (중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Expressing results: เลย (so/therefore), ดังนั้น (therefore), จึง (thus), ผลก็คือ (the result is). Cause-effect structures.
태국어에서 Narrating Events(การเล่าเรื่อง)은(는) B1 (중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Sequencing events: ก่อนอื่น (first), หลังจากนั้น (then), สุดท้าย (finally), ต่อมา (next). Combining tense markers for narrative flow.
태국어에서 Concessive Clauses(อนุประโยคสละสลวย)은(는) B1 (중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Concessive structures: ถึงแม้ว่า/แม้ว่า (although), ทั้งๆ ที่ (even though), อย่างไรก็ตาม (nevertheless). Expressing contrast.
태국어에서 Advanced Passive Constructions(กรรมวาจกขั้นสูง)은(는) B1 (중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Extended passive with agent: ถูก/โดน + agent + verb. Distinguishing ถูก (adverse) vs ได้รับ (beneficial) precisely. ถูก vs โดน register differences.
태국어에서 Wishes and Hopes(ความหวังและความปรารถนา)은(는) B1 (중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Expressing wishes: อยากให้ (wish that), น่าจะ (should/probably), หวัง (hope), คงจะ (probably). Both achievable and counterfactual wishes.
태국어에서 Defining and Explaining(การนิยามและอธิบาย)은(는) B1 (중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Structures for defining: X คืออะไร (what is X), หมายความว่า (means), คือ (that is), เรียกว่า (called). Used in academic and explanatory contexts.
태국어에서 Adverb Placement(ตำแหน่งคำวิเศษณ์)은(는) B1 (중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Placement rules for different adverb types: time (beginning/end), manner (after verb), frequency (before verb), degree (before adjective).
B2 (10)
태국어에서 Discourse Markers(คำเชื่อมความ)은(는) B2 (중상급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Connectors: แต่ (but), และ (and), หรือ (or), เพราะ (because), ดังนั้น (therefore), อย่างไรก็ตาม (however).
태국어에서 Indirect Speech(คำพูดรายงาน)은(는) B2 (중상급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Reported speech with ว่า [wâa] (that): บอกว่า (said that), ถามว่า (asked whether). No tense shift needed.
태국어에서 Advanced Conditional Patterns(ประโยคเงื่อนไขขั้นสูง)은(는) B2 (중상급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Complex conditionals: ไม่อย่างนั้น (otherwise), ขอเพียง/แค่ (as long as), เว้นแต่ (unless), แม้ว่า/ถึงแม้ (even if). Mixed conditionals.
태국어에서 Correlative Constructions(โครงสร้างคู่สัมพันธ์)은(는) B2 (중상급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Paired structures: ยิ่ง...ยิ่ง (the more...the more), ทั้ง...ทั้ง (both...and), ไม่เพียงแต่...แต่ยัง (not only...but also), ไม่...ก็ (either...or).
태국어에서 Complex Sentence Structures(ประโยคซับซ้อน)은(는) B2 (중상급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Multi-clause sentences with subordination: เพราะ...จึง (because...so), ถ้า...ก็ (if...then), แม้...แต่ (although...but), ไม่เพียง...แต่ (not only...but).
태국어에서 Advanced Causative Constructions(โครงสร้างเหตุผลขั้นสูง)은(는) B2 (중상급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Extended causatives: ทำให้ (cause), บังคับ (force), เรียกร้อง (demand), แนะนำ (suggest), สั่ง (order). Formal command hierarchy.
태국어에서 Intermediate Sentence Particles(คำลงท้ายขั้นกลาง)은(는) B2 (중상급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Intermediate particles: เถอะ (persuasion), ก็ได้ (can/okay), ซิ (urging-informal), เหรอ (surprise question), จริงๆ (really/truly).
태국어에서 Written Discourse Connectors(คำเชื่อมในงานเขียน)은(는) B2 (중상급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Academic/written connectors: ประการแรก (firstly), นอกจากนี้ (besides), กล่าวโดยสรุป (in summary), ในทางกลับกัน (on the other hand).
태국어에서 Advanced Reported Speech(คำพูดรายงานขั้นสูง)은(는) B2 (중상급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Complex reported speech: indirect questions, embedded commands, various speech verbs: ยอมรับ (admit), ปฏิเสธ (deny), ยืนยัน (confirm), เสนอ (propose).
태국어에서 Pali-Sanskrit Compounds in Context(คำประสมบาลีสันสกฤต)은(는) B2 (중상급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Using Pali-Sanskrit compounds in sentences: formal vocabulary common in news, government, and education. Understanding compound structure aids meaning.
C1 (8)
태국어에서 Formal/Royal Thai(ภาษาราชการ)은(는) C1 (고급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Royal vocabulary (ราชาศัพท์), formal registers, polite requests, official documents. Different pronouns and verbs for royalty.
태국어에서 Advanced Particles(คำลงท้ายขั้นสูง)은(는) C1 (고급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Sentence particles: นะ (softener/emphasis), สิ (urging), เถอะ (persuasion), หรอก (denial/reassurance), ล่ะ (question softener).
태국어에서 Administrative Language(ภาษาราชการและกฎหมาย)은(는) C1 (고급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Official/bureaucratic Thai: legal terms, government documents, formal notifications. Heavy use of Pali-Sanskrit compounds.
태국어에서 Topicalization and Cleft(การเน้นหัวข้อ)은(는) C1 (고급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Topic-comment structure: fronting elements for emphasis. Cleft constructions: คือ...ที่ (it is...that). ก็ used for topic marking and focus.
태국어에서 Literary Thai(ภาษาวรรณกรรม)은(는) C1 (고급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Literary register: poetic structures, classical Thai elements, Pali-Sanskrit vocabulary, rhetorical devices, parallelism in prose and verse.
태국어에서 News and Media Language(ภาษาสื่อมวลชน)은(는) C1 (고급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Journalistic Thai: headline patterns, reported speech in news, formal attributions, passive constructions common in media.
태국어에서 Pali-Sanskrit Vocabulary(คำบาลีสันสกฤต)은(는) C1 (고급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Pali-Sanskrit loan words forming the formal/academic register: รัฐ (state), ศาสตร์ (science), มหาวิทยาลัย (university). Understanding these compounds aids vocabulary.
태국어에서 Formal Passive and Impersonal(กรรมวาจกทางการ)은(는) C1 (고급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Formal passive without ถูก/โดน in written Thai. Impersonal structures: เป็นที่...กัน (it is...by people), ถือว่า (considered as).
C2 (7)
태국어에서 Colloquial Thai(ภาษาพูด)은(는) C2 (최고급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Informal speech: contractions, slang, social media language, regional variations, youth language, borrowed English words.
태국어에서 Proverbs and Idioms(สำนวนและสุภาษิต)은(는) C2 (최고급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Thai proverbs and idiomatic expressions: น้ำขึ้นให้รีบตัก, ช้าๆ ได้พร้าเล่มงาม, กินปูนร้อนท้อง.
태국어에서 Internet and Social Media Language(ภาษาอินเทอร์เน็ต)은(는) C2 (최고급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Thai internet-speak: abbreviated forms, social media conventions, meme language, Thai-ified English terms, emoji-based communication.
태국어에서 Academic Thai(ภาษาวิชาการ)은(는) C2 (최고급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Academic writing style: thesis structures, abstract language, hedging expressions, citing sources, formal argumentation patterns.
태국어에서 Regional Dialects(ภาษาถิ่น)은(는) C2 (최고급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Regional Thai varieties: Isan (Northeastern), Northern (Lanna), Southern Thai. Key vocabulary, pronunciation, and tonal differences from Central Thai.
태국어에서 Rhetorical Devices(วาทศิลป์)은(는) C2 (최고급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Thai rhetorical figures: อุปมา (simile), อุปลักษณ์ (metaphor), บุคคลวัต (personification), ซ้ำคำ (repetition), สัมผัส (rhyme in prose).
태국어에서 Buddhist and Religious Language(ภาษาศาสนา)은(는) C2 (최고급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Religious vocabulary used in Thai Buddhism: ธรรม (dharma), กรรม (karma), พระ (monk/sacred), บุญ (merit). Pervasive in daily Thai life and expressions.
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