Kunnen (can/to be able)
Het Werkwoord Kunnen
Kunnen (can/to be able) in Dutch
The modal verb kunnen is one of the first verbs you should master in Dutch. It allows you to talk about ability ("I can swim"), possibility ("It can rain"), and permission ("Can I sit here?"). Like English "can," it is used constantly in everyday conversation.
Modal verbs in Dutch work differently from regular verbs. They are irregular in their conjugation, and they always pair with a second verb in its infinitive form, which goes to the end of the sentence. This verb-to-the-end pattern is fundamental to Dutch, and kunnen is a perfect verb to practice it with.
Kunnen is one of six common modal verbs in Dutch. Once you understand how it works, the others — moeten, willen, mogen, zullen, and hoeven — follow the same sentence structure.
Formation / How It Works
Present Tense Conjugation
| Person | Dutch | English |
|---|---|---|
| ik | kan | I can |
| jij / je | kunt / kan | you can |
| u | kunt / kan | you can (formal) |
| hij / zij / het | kan | he / she / it can |
| wij / we | kunnen | we can |
| jullie | kunnen | you (all) can |
| zij / ze | kunnen | they can |
Note: Both kunt and kan are correct for jij and u. The form kan is increasingly common in everyday speech for all singular forms.
Sentence Structure
The modal verb takes position 2 (the conjugated verb position), and the infinitive goes to the end:
| Subject | Modal (pos. 2) | Middle | Infinitive (end) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ik | kan | goed | zwemmen. |
| Jij | kunt | Nederlands | spreken. |
| Wij | kunnen | morgen | komen. |
In Questions (Inversion)
| Question | English |
|---|---|
| Kun je zwemmen? | Can you swim? |
| Kan hij morgen komen? | Can he come tomorrow? |
| Kunnen jullie mij helpen? | Can you help me? |
With jij/je after the verb, kunt loses the -t: kun je (not kunt je).
Uses of Kunnen
| Use | Example | English |
|---|---|---|
| Ability | Ik kan fietsen. | I can cycle. |
| Possibility | Het kan morgen regenen. | It can rain tomorrow. |
| Permission (informal) | Kan ik hier zitten? | Can I sit here? |
| Polite request | Kun je de deur opendoen? | Can you open the door? |
Examples in Context
| Dutch | English | Note |
|---|---|---|
| Ik kan goed koken. | I can cook well. | Ability |
| Kun je me helpen? | Can you help me? | Request (inversion, -t dropped) |
| Hij kan niet komen vandaag. | He cannot come today. | Negation with niet |
| Wij kunnen morgen beginnen. | We can start tomorrow. | Plural form |
| Kan ik een vraag stellen? | Can I ask a question? | Permission |
| Zij kan heel goed zingen. | She can sing very well. | Ability |
| Jullie kunnen hier parkeren. | You can park here. | Permission |
| Ik kan je niet horen. | I cannot hear you. | Negation |
| Dat kan niet waar zijn. | That cannot be true. | Possibility/disbelief |
| Kan het morgen? | Is tomorrow possible? | Without infinitive |
| U kunt hier betalen. | You can pay here. | Formal |
| Waar kan ik koffie kopen? | Where can I buy coffee? | Question word + modal |
Common Mistakes
| Wrong | Right | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Ik kan zwemmen goed. | Ik kan goed zwemmen. | The infinitive goes to the end of the clause. |
| Kunt je Nederlands spreken? | Kun je Nederlands spreken? | The -t drops when jij/je follows the verb. |
| Ik kunnen zwemmen. | Ik kan zwemmen. | First person singular is kan, not the plural form. |
| Ik kan niet zwem. | Ik kan niet zwemmen. | The second verb must be in the infinitive form (ending in -en). |
Practice Tips
Ability inventory. Make a list of things you can and cannot do: Ik kan fietsen. Ik kan niet skiën. Ik kan goed koken. Ik kan niet goed zingen. This gives you natural practice with the structure and with negation.
Request practice. Practice making polite requests: Kun je het raam opendoen? Kun je wat langzamer praten? Kun je dat herhalen? These are phrases you will actually need in daily life.
Infinitive-to-the-end drill. Build increasingly complex sentences, always making sure the infinitive lands at the end: Ik kan komen → Ik kan morgen komen → Ik kan morgen om drie uur komen.
Related Concepts
Prerequisite
Regular Verbs PresentA1Concepts that build on this
More A1 concepts
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