Italian Mein Niyamit Visheshan

Avalokan

Italian mein visheshan ko us sangya ke saath ling (pulling ya striling) aur vachan (ekvachan ya bahuvachan) dono mein mel khaana chahiye jo vah varnan karte hain. Yah Italian vyaakaran ka sabse buniyaadi niyam hai aur har us vaakya mein laagu hota hai jismein koi varnan ho.

Niyamit visheshan ki do mukhya shreniyaan hain. Chaar-roop visheshan mein ling aur vachan ke har sanyojan ke liye alag pratyay hota hai — jaise "bello, bella, belli, belle" (sundar). Do-roop visheshan mein ling ki parvaah kiye bina ekvachan ke liye ek aur bahuvachan ke liye ek pratyay hota hai — jaise "grande, grandi" (badaa) ya "felice, felici" (khush). Jab aap jaante hain ki koi visheshan kis shreni mein aata hai, to mel svachalit ho jaata hai.

Yah lekh sidhe Sangya ka Ling ki avdhaarana par aadhaarit hai. Agar aap abhi tak sangya ke ling mein aatmvishvaasi nahin hain, to pehle us avdhaarana ko dohraayen. Hindi bolne waale ke roop mein, aap vyaakaranik ling ki avdhaarana se parichit hain — Italian mein pranali Hindi se sadrishya rakhti hai, lekin keval do ling hain (pulling aur striling, napunsakling nahin).

Yah Kaise Kaam Karta Hai

Chaar-Roop Visheshan (-o / -a / -i / -e)

Yah sabse aam prakar hai. Mool roop -o mein samaapt hota hai (pulling ekvachan).

	Ekvachan	Bahuvachan
Pulling	-o (rosso)	-i (rossi)
Striling	-a (rossa)	-e (rosse)

Visheshan sangya ke saath mel ke liye apna pratyay badalta hai:

• il libro rosso — laal kitaab (pu. ek.)
• la casa rossa — laal ghar (str. ek.)
• i libri rossi — laal kitaaben (pu. bahu.)
• le case rosse — laal ghar (str. bahu.)

Anya aam chaar-roop visheshan: alto/a/i/e (lambaa/ooncha), piccolo/a/i/e (chhotaa), nuovo/a/i/e (nayaa), bianco/a/chi/che (safed), lungo/a/ghi/ghe (lambaa).

Do-Roop Visheshan (-e / -i)

In visheshanon ka pulling aur striling ke liye ek hi roop hota hai. Ye ekvachan mein -e aur bahuvachan mein -i mein samaapt hote hain.

	Ekvachan	Bahuvachan
Pulling	-e (grande)	-i (grandi)
Striling	-e (grande)	-i (grandi)

• il libro grande — badee kitaab (pu. ek.)
• la casa grande — badaa ghar (str. ek.)
• i libri grandi — badee kitaaben (pu. bahu.)
• le case grandi — bade ghar (str. bahu.)

Anya aam do-roop visheshan: felice/felici (khush), triste/tristi (udaas), interessante/interessanti (dilchasp), intelligente/intelligenti (buddhimaan), difficile/difficili (kathin).

Mel ke Niyam

1. Visheshan hamesha sangya ke saath mel khaata hai jise vah varnan karta hai, ling aur vachan dono mein.
2. Mishrit ling ke samooohon mein, pulling bahuvachan ka upyog hota hai: Marco e Giulia sono alti (alte nahin).
3. "Essere" (honaa) ke saath, visheshan karta ke saath mel khaata hai: Maria e alta; i ragazzi sono contenti.

Visheshanon ki Sthiti

Adhikatar visheshan Italian mein sangya ke baad aate hain — Hindi ke viparit:

• una macchina rossa — ek laal gaadee
• un film interessante — ek dilchasp film

Bahut aam chhote visheshanon ka ek chhota samooh sangya se pehle aa sakta hai: bello, buono, brutto, grande, piccolo, nuovo, vecchio, giovane. Sangya se pehle, ve thoda alag ya adhik vyaktiparik arth de sakte hain:

• un grande uomo — ek mahaan aadmi (aalaankaarik arth)
• un uomo grande — ek badaa aadmi (shaareerik roop se)

A1 star par sandeh hone par, visheshan ko sangya ke baad rakhen — yah hamesha sahi hai.

Sandarbh Mein Udaaharan

Italian	Hindi	Tippani
Il gatto e nero.	Billi kaali hai.	Chaar-roop, pu. ek.
La borsa e nera.	Bag kaala hai.	Chaar-roop, str. ek.
I gatti sono neri.	Billiyaan kaali hain.	Chaar-roop, pu. bahu.
Le borse sono nere.	Bag kaale hain.	Chaar-roop, str. bahu.
Ho un amico gentile.	Mera ek dayaalu dost hai.	Do-roop, ek.
Ho due amiche gentili.	Meree do dayaalu saheliyaan hain.	Do-roop, str. bahu.
La pizza e buona.	Pizza achhee hai.	Chaar-roop, str. ek.
I ragazzi sono giovani.	Ladke javaan hain.	Do-roop, pu. bahu.
Abbiamo una bella casa.	Hamaara ek sundar ghar hai.	Sangya se pehle, str. ek.
E un libro difficile.	Yah ek kathin kitaab hai.	Do-roop, sangya ke baad
Le ragazze sono simpatiche.	Ladkiyaan milansaar hain.	Chaar-roop, str. bahu. (-che)
Marco e alto e magro.	Marco lambaa aur dublaa hai.	Do chaar-roop vish., pu. ek.
Anna e Marco sono contenti.	Anna aur Marco khush hain.	Mishrit samooh → pu. bahu.

Aam Galatiyaan

Visheshan ka pratyay badalna bhoolnaa

• Galat: la casa rosso
• Sahi: la casa rossa
• Kyon: Sangya "casa" striling ekvachan hai, isliye visheshan ko striling ekvachan pratyay -a ka upyog karnaa chahiye, pulling -o ka nahin.

Mishrit samooohon ke liye striling bahuvachan ka upyog

• Galat: Marco e Anna sono alte
• Sahi: Marco e Anna sono alti
• Kyon: Jab kisi samooh mein kam se kam ek pulling tatva ho, to visheshan pulling bahuvachan roop leta hai.

Do-roop visheshanon mein ling pratyay jodnaa

• Galat: una ragazza intelligenta
• Sahi: una ragazza intelligente
• Kyon: "Intelligente" do-roop visheshan hai. Iska ekvachan roop dono lingon ke liye -e hai. -a roop nahin hai.

Sabhi visheshanon ko sangya se pehle rakhnaa

• Galat: una rossa macchina
• Sahi: una macchina rossa
• Kyon: Adhikatar visheshan Italian mein sangya ke baad aate hain. Keval aam chhote visheshanon ka ek chhota samooh (bello, buono, grande, piccolo aadi) niyamit roop se sangya se pehle aata hai.

-co/-go visheshanon mein vartani parivartan bhoolnaa

• Galat: i libri bianci
• Sahi: i libri bianchi; le scarpe bianche
• Kyon: -co/-go mein samaapt hone waale visheshan aksar bahuvachan mein kathor dhvani banaaye rakhne ke liye "h" jodte hain: bianco → bianchi/bianche, lungo → lunghi/lunghe.

Abhyaas ke Sujaav

1. Chaaron roopon ko ek set ke roop mein abhyaas karen. Jab aap nayaa chaar-roop visheshan seekhen, chaaron roop zor se bolen: "rosso, rossa, rossi, rosse." Yah maansapeshee smriti banaata hai taaki mel svachalit ho jaaye.

2. Apni shabdaavalee ko do-roop aur chaar-roop mein vargikrit karen. Ek saadhaarani soochee rakhen. Jab aapko nayaa visheshan mile, turant likhen ki uska mool roop -o (chaar-roop) ya -e (do-roop) mein samaapt hota hai. Shreni aapko pratyayon ke baare mein sab kuch bataatee hai.

3. Asli sangya-visheshan jodon ke saath abhyaas karen. Visheshanon ko alag se na padhen — unhein hamesha sangya ke saath joden: "il cielo azzurro," "la notte fredda," "un esame difficile." Yah aapke dimaag ko svaaabhavik roop se mel utpaann karne ke liye prashikshit karta hai.

Sambandhit Avdhaaranayen

• Poorv-aapeksha: Sangya ka Ling — sahi visheshan pratyay chunne ke liye sangya ka ling jaannaa zaroori hai
• Aglaa kadam: Bello aur Buono — in visheshanon ke sangya se pehle vishesh roop hote hain
• Aglaa kadam: Sanket Visheshan — questo/quello samaan mel praatimaanon ka paalan karte hain
• Aglaa kadam: Visheshan ki Sthiti — visheshan sangya se pehle ya baad mein kab aata hai iske gehre niyam
• Aglaa kadam: Anishchit Visheshan — ogni, qualche, alcuni aur unke mel ke niyam
• Aglaa kadam: Tulnaatmak — piu alto, meno difficile — visheshanon se tulnaa
• Aglaa kadam: Reeti Kriyaa Visheshan — visheshanon ko -mente se kriyaa visheshan mein badalnaa