As-Sifaat al-Muntazima fi al-Italiyya

Nazra Aamma

Fi al-lugha al-italiyya, yajib an tattafiq as-sifaat ma'a al-ism alladhi tasifuhu fi al-jins (mudhakkar aw mu'annath) wa fi al-adad (mufrad aw jam'). Hadhihi wahida min akthar al-qawa'id asasiyya fi an-nahw al-italiy, wa tutabbaq fi kull jumla tahtawi ala wasf.

Tuujad fi'atayn ra'isiyyatayn min as-sifaat al-muntazima. As-sifaat dhat al-ashkal al-arba'a laha nihaya mukhtalifa li-kull tawlifa min al-jins wa al-adad — mithl "bello, bella, belli, belle" (jamil). As-sifaat dhat ash-shaklayn laha nihaya wahida lil-mufrad wa ukhra lil-jam', bi-ghad an-nazr an al-jins — mithl "grande, grandi" (kabir) aw "felice, felici" (sa'id). Indama ta'rif ila ayy fi'a yantami as-sifa, yusbihu at-tataabuq tilqa'iyyan.

Hadha al-maqal yabni mubasharatan ala mafhum Jins al-Asma'. Idha lam takun muta'akkidan min jins al-asma' ba'd, raji' dhalik al-mafhum awwalan. Ka-mutahaddith bil-arabiyya, anta ta'rif bi-al-fa'l mafhum al-jins an-nahwi — fi al-italiyya an-nizam mumaathil, ma'a jinsayn faqat (mudhakkar wa mu'annath).

Kayfa Ya'mal

As-Sifaat Dhat al-Ashkal al-Arba'a (-o / -a / -i / -e)

Hadha huwa an-naw' al-akthar shuyu'an. Ash-shakl al-asasi yantahi bi -o (mudhakkar mufrad).

	Mufrad	Jam'
Mudhakkar	-o (rosso)	-i (rossi)
Mu'annath	-a (rossa)	-e (rosse)

Tataghayyar nihayat as-sifa li-tattafiq ma'a al-ism:

• il libro rosso — al-kitab al-ahmar (m. muf.)
• la casa rossa — al-bayt al-ahmar (mu. muf.)
• i libri rossi — al-kutub al-hamra' (m. j.)
• le case rosse — al-buyut al-hamra' (mu. j.)

Sifaat ukhra sha'i'a dhat arba'at ashkal: alto/a/i/e (tawil/ali), piccolo/a/i/e (saghir), nuovo/a/i/e (jadid), bianco/a/chi/che (abyad), lungo/a/ghi/ghe (tawil).

As-Sifaat Dhat ash-Shaklayn (-e / -i)

Hadhihi as-sifaat laha nafs ash-shakl lil-mudhakkar wa al-mu'annath. Tantahi bi -e fi al-mufrad wa bi -i fi al-jam'.

	Mufrad	Jam'
Mudhakkar	-e (grande)	-i (grandi)
Mu'annath	-e (grande)	-i (grandi)

• il libro grande — al-kitab al-kabir (m. muf.)
• la casa grande — al-bayt al-kabir (mu. muf.)
• i libri grandi — al-kutub al-kabira (m. j.)
• le case grandi — al-buyut al-kabira (mu. j.)

Sifaat ukhra sha'i'a dhat shaklayn: felice/felici (sa'id), triste/tristi (hazin), interessante/interessanti (mushawwiq), intelligente/intelligenti (dhaki), difficile/difficili (sa'b).

Qawa'id at-Tatabuq

1. As-sifa tattafiq da'iman ma'a al-ism alladhi tasifuhu fi al-jins wa al-adad.
2. Ma'a majmu'at mukhtalitat al-jins, yustakhdam al-mudhakkar al-jam': Marco e Giulia sono alti (laysa alte).
3. Ma'a "essere" (yakun), as-sifa tattafiq ma'a al-fa'il: Maria e alta; i ragazzi sono contenti.

Mawqi' as-Sifaat

Mu'zam as-sifaat ta'ti ba'da al-ism fi al-italiyya:

• una macchina rossa — sayyara hamra'
• un film interessante — film mushawwiq

Majmu'a saghira min as-sifaat al-qasira ash-sha'i'a jiddan yumkin an ta'ti qabl al-ism: bello, buono, brutto, grande, piccolo, nuovo, vecchio, giovane. Qabl al-ism, qad tahmil nuance mukhtalifa aw akthar dhatiyya:

• un grande uomo — rajul azim (bi-ma'na majazi)
• un uomo grande — rajul kabir (jismaniyyan)

Inda ash-shakk fi al-mustawa A1, da' as-sifa ba'da al-ism — hadha da'iman sahih.

Amthila fi as-Siyaq

Al-Italiyya	Al-Arabiyya	Mulahaza
Il gatto e nero.	Al-qitt aswad.	Arba'at ashkal, m. muf.
La borsa e nera.	Al-haqiba sawda'.	Arba'at ashkal, mu. muf.
I gatti sono neri.	Al-qitat sud.	Arba'at ashkal, m. j.
Le borse sono nere.	Al-haqa'ib sawda'.	Arba'at ashkal, mu. j.
Ho un amico gentile.	Indi sadiq latif.	Shaklayn, muf.
Ho due amiche gentili.	Indi sadiqatayn latifatayn.	Shaklayn, mu. j.
La pizza e buona.	Al-bitza ladhidha.	Arba'at ashkal, mu. muf.
I ragazzi sono giovani.	Ash-shabab shubban.	Shaklayn, m. j.
Abbiamo una bella casa.	Ladayna bayt jamil.	Qabl al-ism, mu. muf.
E un libro difficile.	Innahu kitab sa'b.	Shaklayn, ba'da al-ism
Le ragazze sono simpatiche.	Al-fatayat latifaat.	Arba'at ashkal, mu. j. (-che)
Marco e alto e magro.	Marco tawil wa nahif.	Sifatayn bi-arba'at ashkal, m. muf.
Anna e Marco sono contenti.	Anna wa Marco masruran.	Majmu'a mukhtalita → m. j.

Akhta' Sha'i'a

Nisyan taghyir nihayat as-sifa

• Khata': la casa rosso
• Sahih: la casa rossa
• Limadha: Al-ism "casa" mu'annath mufrad, lidhalik yajib an tastakhdim as-sifa an-nihaya al-mu'annatha -a, laysa al-mudhakkara -o.

Istikhdaam al-mu'annath al-jam' lil-majmu'at al-mukhtalita

• Khata': Marco e Anna sono alte
• Sahih: Marco e Anna sono alti
• Limadha: Indama tashtamil al-majmu'a ala unsur mudhakkar wahid ala al-aqall, ta'khudh as-sifa ash-shakl al-mudhakkar al-jam'.

Idafat nihayaat jins ila as-sifaat dhat ash-shaklayn

• Khata': una ragazza intelligenta
• Sahih: una ragazza intelligente
• Limadha: "Intelligente" sifa dhat shaklayn. Shakluha al-mufrad -e li-kila al-jinsayn. La yujad shakl bi -a.

Wad' kull as-sifaat qabl al-ism

• Khata': una rossa macchina
• Sahih: una macchina rossa
• Limadha: Mu'zam as-sifaat tatba' al-ism fi al-italiyya. Faqat majmu'a saghira min as-sifaat al-qasira ash-sha'i'a (bello, buono, grande, piccolo, ilakh) taqif bi-intizam qabl al-ism.

Nisyan at-taghyirat al-imla'iyya ma'a sifaat -co/-go

• Khata': i libri bianci
• Sahih: i libri bianchi; le scarpe bianche
• Limadha: As-sifaat al-muntahiya bi -co/-go ghaliban tudif "h" fi al-jam' lil-hifaz ala as-sawt as-sulb: bianco → bianchi/bianche, lungo → lunghi/lunghe.

Nasa'ih lil-Mumarasa

1. Tadrib ala al-ashkal al-arba'a ka-majmu'a. Indama tata'allam sifa jadida dhat arba'at ashkal, qul al-ashkal al-arba'a bi-sawt ali: "rosso, rossa, rossi, rosse." Hadha yabni dhakira adaliyya li-ya'l at-tatabuq tilqa'iyyan.

2. Sannif mufradatak ila dhat shaklayn wa dhat arba'at ashkal. Ihtafiz bi-qa'ima basita. Indama tusadif sifa jadida, dawwin fawran hal shakluha al-asasi yantahi bi -o (arba'at ashkal) aw -e (shaklayn). Al-fi'a tukhbiruk bi-kull shay' an an-nihayaat.

3. Tadarrab ma'a azwaj haqiqiyya min al-ism wa as-sifa. La tadrus as-sifaat bi-mu'zal — da'iman izwijha ma'a ism: "il cielo azzurro," "la notte fredda," "un esame difficile." Hadha yudarrib dimaaghak ala intaaj at-tatabuq bi-shakl tabi'i.

Mafahim Muta'alliqa

• Mutatallab musabbaq: Jins al-Asma' — yajib ma'rifat jins al-ism li-ikhtiyar nihayat as-sifa as-sahiha
• Al-khatwa at-taliya: Bello wa Buono — hadhihi as-sifaat laha ashkal khassa qabl al-ism
• Al-khatwa at-taliya: Asma' al-Ishara — questo/quello yattabi' anmat tatabuq mushaabiha
• Al-khatwa at-taliya: Mawqi' as-Sifa — qawa'id a'maq hawla mata taqif as-sifa qabl aw ba'da al-ism
• Al-khatwa at-taliya: As-Sifaat Ghayr al-Muhaddada — ogni, qualche, alcuni wa qawa'id tatabuqiha
• Al-khatwa at-taliya: At-Tafdil — piu alto, meno difficile — al-muqaarana bi-as-sifaat
• Al-khatwa at-taliya: Zuruf al-Hay'a — tahwil as-sifaat ila zuruf bi -mente