Coordinating Conjunctions in German
Koordinierende Konjunktionen
Overview
Coordinating conjunctions connect two words, phrases, or clauses of equal importance — and the best part is that they do not affect German word order at all. At the A1 level, you learn the five most important ones: und (and), aber (but), oder (or), denn (because/for), and sondern (but rather). These are sometimes remembered by the mnemonic ADUSO (aber, denn, und, sondern, oder).
Unlike subordinating conjunctions (which send the verb to the end), coordinating conjunctions simply join two main clauses together, and each clause keeps its normal V2 word order. This makes them very easy to use — just put the conjunction between the two clauses and you are done.
These five small words dramatically expand what you can express. Instead of choppy sentences like "I am tired. I am happy," you can say Ich bin müde, aber glücklich (I am tired but happy).
How It Works
| Conjunction | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| und | and | Ich lerne und er arbeitet. |
| aber | but, however | Sie ist müde, aber glücklich. |
| oder | or | Kommst du oder bleibst du? |
| denn | because, for | Ich bleibe zu Hause, denn ich bin krank. |
| sondern | but rather (after negation) | Er ist nicht alt, sondern jung. |
Key points:
- These conjunctions occupy "Position 0" — they do not count as the first element, so the word order after them is normal (subject-verb)
- A comma is used before aber, denn, and sondern when connecting full clauses
- A comma before und and oder is optional (and usually omitted) when connecting full clauses
- sondern is only used after a negation to introduce a correction
sondern vs. aber:
| Situation | Conjunction | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Contrast without negation | aber | Er ist klein, aber stark. |
| Correction after negation | sondern | Er ist nicht klein, sondern groß. |
| Negation + addition (not contradiction) | aber | Er ist nicht groß, aber sehr stark. |
Examples in Context
| German | English | Note |
|---|---|---|
| Ich lerne und er arbeitet. | I study and he works. | Connecting two clauses |
| Sie ist müde, aber glücklich. | She is tired but happy. | Contrast |
| Kommst du oder bleibst du? | Are you coming or staying? | Choice |
| Ich bleibe, denn es regnet. | I'm staying because it's raining. | Reason |
| Das ist nicht rot, sondern blau. | That is not red but blue. | Correction |
| Er spielt Gitarre und sie singt. | He plays guitar and she sings. | Two activities |
| Ich möchte Kaffee, aber keinen Zucker. | I'd like coffee but no sugar. | Partial contrast |
| Willst du Tee oder Kaffee? | Do you want tea or coffee? | Choice between items |
| Sie kommt nicht aus Berlin, sondern aus Hamburg. | She's not from Berlin but from Hamburg. | Correcting origin |
| Ich bin müde, denn ich habe schlecht geschlafen. | I'm tired because I slept badly. | Explaining |
Common Mistakes
Using "sondern" without a preceding negation
- Wrong: Er ist groß, sondern stark.
- Right: Er ist groß und stark. or Er ist nicht schwach, sondern stark.
- Why: sondern can only follow a negation (nicht, kein, etc.). It introduces a correction of what was negated.
Changing word order after the conjunction
- Wrong: Ich bleibe, denn bin ich krank.
- Right: Ich bleibe, denn ich bin krank.
- Why: Coordinating conjunctions do not affect word order. After denn, the clause follows normal V2 order (subject before verb).
Confusing "denn" (conjunction) with "weil" (subordinating)
- Wrong: Ich bleibe, denn ich bin krank. and Ich bleibe, weil ich krank bin. are both correct but different structures
- Key: After denn, word order is normal (verb in Position 2). After weil, the verb goes to the end. At A1, start with denn since it does not change word order.
Practice Tips
- Combine short sentences: Take pairs of simple sentences and connect them: "Ich bin müde. Ich gehe nicht schlafen." → "Ich bin müde, aber ich gehe nicht schlafen."
- ADUSO drill: Write one sentence for each conjunction daily. This builds familiarity with all five.
- sondern practice: Practice corrections: "Das ist nicht teuer, sondern billig. Sie kommt nicht aus Spanien, sondern aus Portugal."
Related Concepts
- Parent: Word Order (Main Clause) — the word order that stays unchanged after these conjunctions
Prerequisite
Word Order (Main Clause) in GermanA1More A1 concepts
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