B2

Types of Subordinate Clauses

Bisatstyper

Types of Subordinate Clauses in Swedish

Overview

At the B2 level, it is time to move beyond simply knowing that subordinate clauses exist and understanding the different types and their distinct roles in a sentence. Swedish subordinate clauses fall into three main categories: nominal clauses (acting as nouns), adverbial clauses (modifying verbs like adverbs), and relative clauses (modifying nouns like adjectives). Each type serves a different grammatical function.

Understanding these categories will sharpen your reading comprehension, improve your writing structure, and help you parse complex sentences with confidence. It also deepens your understanding of the BIFF rule, since all three types follow subordinate clause word order but connect to the main clause in different ways.

This is a unifying concept that ties together many B1-level topics -- relative clauses, temporal conjunctions, indirect questions, and conditional sentences all fit into this framework.

How It Works

The three types

Type Function Introduced By Example
Nominal (substantivsats) Acts as subject or object att, om, question words Det är viktigt att du förstår.
Adverbial (adverbialsats) Modifies when/why/how eftersom, medan, trots att, om Hon sjöng medan hon gick.
Relative (relativsats) Modifies a noun som, vars, vilken, där Mannen som bor här.

Nominal clauses (substantivsatser)

These function as nouns -- they can be the subject or object of the main clause:

As subject:

  • Att du förstår är viktigt. (That you understand is important.)
  • More commonly with dummy det: Det är viktigt att du förstår.

As object:

  • Jag vet att hon kommer. (I know that she's coming.)
  • Han sa att han var trött. (He said he was tired.)

As indirect question (object):

  • Jag undrar vad som händer. (I wonder what's happening.)
  • Vet du om han kommer? (Do you know if he's coming?)

Key conjunctions for nominal clauses:

Conjunction Use Example
att that (declarative) Jag vet att hon kan.
om if/whether (yes/no question) Jag undrar om han kommer.
vad, var, vem, hur, etc. question words Jag vet inte var han bor.

Adverbial clauses (adverbialsatser)

These modify the verb, telling when, why, how, or under what condition:

Subtype Conjunctions Example
Temporal (time) när, medan, innan, efter att, sedan, tills När jag kom hem, ringde telefonen.
Causal (reason) eftersom, för att, därför att Hon stannade hemma eftersom hon var sjuk.
Concessive (contrast) trots att, även om, fastän Trots att han är ung, är han klok.
Conditional (condition) om, ifall, förutsatt att Om du kommer, blir jag glad.
Final (purpose) för att, så att Jag studerar för att lära mig.
Consecutive (result) så att, så...att Han sprang så fort att han föll.
Comparative (comparison) som, än, som om Hon sjunger bättre än jag gör.

Relative clauses (relativsatser)

These modify a specific noun in the main clause:

Pronoun Function Example
som subject/object Flickan som sjunger.
vars possessive Mannen vars bil stals.
vilken/vilket/vilka formal which Boken vilken jag läste.
där place Staden där jag bor.

Word order across all types

All three types follow the BIFF rule -- adverbs like inte, aldrig, redan go before the finite verb:

Type Example Adverb Placement
Nominal ...att jag inte förstår. inte before förstår
Adverbial ...eftersom hon aldrig har tid. aldrig before har
Relative ...som jag inte känner. inte before känner

How to identify the type

Ask yourself: what role does the subordinate clause play?

Question If Yes → Example
Can it be replaced by a noun/pronoun? Nominal Jag vet att hon kommer → Jag vet det.
Does it answer when/why/how/if? Adverbial Hon stannade eftersom hon var sjuk → therefore
Does it describe a specific noun? Relative Mannen som bor här → which man?

Examples in Context

Swedish English Type
Det är viktigt att du förstår. It's important that you understand. Nominal (subject)
Hon sjöng medan hon gick. She sang while she walked. Adverbial (temporal)
Trots att han är ung, är han klok. Although he's young, he's wise. Adverbial (concessive)
Jag undrar vad som händer. I wonder what's happening. Nominal (indirect question)
Mannen som bor här är snäll. The man who lives here is nice. Relative
Eftersom det regnar, stannar vi inne. Since it's raining, we'll stay inside. Adverbial (causal)
Jag vet att hon inte kommer. I know that she isn't coming. Nominal (BIFF: inte before verb)
Huset där vi bor är gammalt. The house where we live is old. Relative
Han studerar för att bli läkare. He studies to become a doctor. Adverbial (final/purpose)
Om du hade tid, skulle du komma? If you had time, would you come? Adverbial (conditional)
Det som förvånade mig var priset. What surprised me was the price. Nominal (subject, free relative)
Hon sprang så fort att hon föll. She ran so fast that she fell. Adverbial (consecutive)

Common Mistakes

Wrong: Jag vet inte att han kommer eller inte. (when asking) Right: Jag vet inte om han kommer. Why: For indirect yes/no questions, use om (if/whether), not att (that). Att introduces declarative nominal clauses, not questions.

Wrong: Eftersom hon var sjuk, hon stannade hemma. Right: Eftersom hon var sjuk, stannade hon hemma. Why: When an adverbial clause comes first, the main clause must use V2 word order: verb before subject.

Wrong: Confusing purpose för att with causal för att: unclear intended meaning. Right: Use eftersom or därför att for reason; för att + infinitive for purpose. Why: Jag studerar för att lära mig (purpose: in order to learn) vs. Jag stannade hemma eftersom jag var sjuk (reason: because I was sick). In speech, för att can mean "because," but eftersom is unambiguous.

Wrong: Det är viktigt att du inte förstår inte. Right: Det är viktigt att du förstår. or Det är viktigt att du inte förstår. (depending on meaning) Why: Only one inte per clause. Its position (before the verb in subordinate clauses) already handles the negation.

Usage Notes

Understanding clause types is more of an analytical skill than a production skill -- you do not need to label clause types while speaking. However, this knowledge improves your ability to construct complex sentences correctly and to understand sophisticated written Swedish.

In academic and professional Swedish, you will encounter long sentences with multiple embedded subordinate clauses of different types. Being able to parse them quickly is essential for B2-level reading comprehension.

In everyday speech, Swedes use all three clause types freely, though they tend to keep sentences shorter than in writing. Very complex sentence structures with multiple embedded clauses are more characteristic of written Swedish.

There is no regional variation in how subordinate clause types function across Swedish dialects.

Practice Tips

  1. Clause type identification -- take a paragraph from a Swedish newspaper article and underline every subordinate clause. Label each one as nominal, adverbial, or relative. This analytical exercise builds pattern recognition.

  2. Sentence combining -- take pairs of simple sentences and combine them using each clause type: nominal (Jag vet att...), adverbial (Hon gick ut trots att...), relative (Mannen som...). See how the same information can be structured differently.

  3. Expansion drill -- start with a simple sentence like Jag åt. (I ate.) and expand it by adding one subordinate clause of each type: Jag åt maten som mamma hade lagat, trots att jag inte var hungrig, eftersom jag vet att man behöver äta.

Related Concepts

  • Relative Clauses (parent) -- one of the three subordinate clause types, serving as the entry point to this concept

Prerequisite

Relative ClausesB1

More B2 concepts

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