Indirect Objects
Meewerkend Voorwerp
Indirect Objects in Dutch
Overview
Indirect objects (meewerkend voorwerp) indicate to whom or for whom an action is performed. In the sentence Ik geef het boek aan Jan (I give the book to Jan), aan Jan is the indirect object -- the person receiving the book. This is a fundamental sentence element that appears in countless daily interactions: giving, telling, sending, showing, and more.
Dutch handles indirect objects in two main ways: with a preposition (aan or voor) or without one, by placing the indirect object before the direct object. Understanding both patterns and knowing when to use each is an important B1 skill.
If you already know object pronouns, you have the building blocks. This concept expands on that knowledge by covering the full range of indirect object constructions, including word order with nouns and pronouns.
How It Works
Two Constructions
| Construction | Pattern | Example |
|---|---|---|
| With preposition | verb + direct object + aan/voor + indirect object | Ik geef het boek aan Jan. |
| Without preposition | verb + indirect object + direct object | Ik geef Jan het boek. |
Both sentences mean the same thing: "I give the book to Jan." The prepositional version is more explicit; the non-prepositional version is more common in spoken Dutch.
With Pronouns
When both objects are pronouns, the indirect object comes first:
| Pattern | Example | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| indirect pronoun + direct pronoun | Ik geef het hem. | I give it to him. |
| indirect pronoun + direct noun | Ik geef hem het boek. | I give him the book. |
| direct noun + aan + indirect pronoun | Ik geef het boek aan hem. | I give the book to him. |
Pronoun Forms for Indirect Objects
| Person | Stressed | Unstressed |
|---|---|---|
| ik → | mij | me |
| jij → | jou | je |
| hij → | hem | 'm |
| zij → | haar | 'r / d'r |
| het → | het | 't |
| u → | u | u |
| wij → | ons | ons |
| jullie → | jullie | jullie |
| zij (pl.) → | hen/hun | ze |
Note: Traditionally, hun is the indirect object form and hen is the direct object form. In practice, most Dutch speakers use hun and hen interchangeably, or simply use ze.
Common Verbs with Indirect Objects
| Dutch | English | Example |
|---|---|---|
| geven | to give | Ik geef haar een cadeau. |
| vertellen | to tell | Zij vertelt ons een verhaal. |
| sturen | to send | Hij stuurt mij een brief. |
| laten zien | to show | Ik laat je mijn foto's zien. |
| vragen | to ask | Ze vraagt hem iets. |
| aanbieden | to offer | Wij bieden u onze excuses aan. |
| beloven | to promise | Ik beloof je dat ik kom. |
| leren | to teach | De leraar leert ons Nederlands. |
| brengen | to bring | Breng me een glas water. |
| kopen | to buy (for) | Ik koop een cadeau voor haar. |
Aan vs. Voor
Aan (to): used with verbs of transfer -- giving, sending, telling, showing
- Ik geef het boek aan Jan.
- Zij vertelt het verhaal aan de kinderen.
Voor (for): used when something is done on behalf of someone
- Ik koop een cadeau voor haar.
- Hij maakt het eten klaar voor ons.
Word Order Rules
Two nouns: Either order works, but without preposition the indirect object comes first.
- Ik geef Jan het boek. or Ik geef het boek aan Jan.
Two pronouns: Indirect before direct, no preposition.
- Ik geef het hem. (I give it to him.)
One pronoun, one noun: The pronoun usually comes first regardless of role.
- Ik geef hem het boek. (indirect pronoun first)
- Ik geef het aan Jan. (direct pronoun first, with preposition for noun)
Questions with Indirect Objects
- Aan wie heb je het gegeven? (To whom did you give it?)
- Voor wie is dit cadeau? (For whom is this gift?)
- Wie heb je het verteld? (Who did you tell?)
Examples in Context
| Dutch | English | Note |
|---|---|---|
| Ik geef het boek aan Jan. | I give the book to Jan. | With preposition |
| Ik geef hem het boek. | I give him the book. | Without preposition |
| Zij vertelt ons een verhaal. | She tells us a story. | Pronoun indirect object |
| Aan wie heb je het gegeven? | To whom did you give it? | Question |
| Stuur me een berichtje. | Send me a message. | Informal |
| Ik heb haar de waarheid verteld. | I told her the truth. | Perfect tense |
| Koop je iets voor mij? | Will you buy something for me? | Met voor |
| De leraar legt het aan de leerlingen uit. | The teacher explains it to the students. | Separable verb |
| Geef het me maar. | Just give it to me. | Two pronouns + particle |
| Ik laat je morgen de foto's zien. | I'll show you the photos tomorrow. | Laten zien |
| Ze biedt hem een kopje koffie aan. | She offers him a cup of coffee. | Separable verb |
Common Mistakes
Wrong pronoun order
- Wrong: Ik geef hem het. (when both are pronouns and "het" is the direct object)
- Right: Ik geef het hem.
- Why: When both objects are pronouns, the direct object pronoun het typically comes before the indirect object pronoun.
Using aan with pronouns unnecessarily
- Wrong: Ik geef het boek aan hem. (in casual spoken Dutch)
- Right: Ik geef hem het boek. (more natural in speech)
- Why: While not grammatically wrong, using aan + pronoun is less natural in casual Dutch. The prepositional form is mainly used for emphasis or with full nouns.
Confusing hun and hen
- Wrong: Using hen as indirect object in formal writing (by some prescriptive standards)
- Right: Ik geef hun het boek. or Ik geef het boek aan hen.
- Why: Traditionally, hun = indirect object (dative) and hen = direct object (accusative) or after prepositions. In practice, this distinction is fading, and many speakers use them interchangeably.
Usage Notes
The hun/hen distinction is one of the most debated points in Dutch grammar. Most native speakers do not consistently apply the traditional rule. In everyday speech, ze (them) is the most common form for both direct and indirect objects. In formal writing, some style guides still maintain the distinction, so it is worth being aware of it.
In Belgian Dutch, the prepositional construction with aan tends to be used somewhat more frequently than in Netherlands Dutch, where dropping the preposition is more common in speech.
Practice Tips
- Practice the two constructions side by side: take a verb like geven and write the same sentence both ways (Ik geef Jan het boek / Ik geef het boek aan Jan). Do this with five different verbs.
- Use pronoun substitution drills: start with a sentence with two nouns and progressively replace each with a pronoun, adjusting word order each time.
- Pay attention to indirect objects in Dutch conversations and note whether speakers use the prepositional or non-prepositional form.
Related Concepts
- Prerequisite: Object Pronouns -- knowing the pronoun forms is essential before working with indirect object constructions
Prerequisite
Object PronounsA1More B1 concepts
Want to practice Indirect Objects and more Dutch grammar? Create a free account to study with spaced repetition.
Get Started Free