过去时

26种语言

A2Simple past for completed actions at a specific time. Regular endings: -AR (-é, -aste, -ó, -amos, -asteis, -aron), -ER/-IR (-í, -iste, -ió, -imos, -isteis, -ieron). Many irregular verbs.

法语Passé Composé

A2Compound past tense with auxiliary (avoir or être) + past participle. Most verbs use avoir. DR MRS VANDERTRAMP verbs and reflexives use être (participle agrees with subject).

德语Perfekt mit haben

A2Forming the perfect tense with haben + past participle for most verbs.

意大利语Passato Prossimo

A2Compound past tense formed with auxiliary verb (avere or essere) plus past participle. Verbs of motion and reflexive verbs use essere and require participle agreement.

葡萄牙语Pretérito Perfeito Simples

A2Simple past for completed actions. Regular endings: -AR (-ei, -aste, -ou, -ámos, -astes, -aram), -ER/-IR (-i, -este, -eu/-iu, -emos/-imos, -estes/-istes, -eram/-iram).

韩语과거 시제

A1Past tense: stem + 았 (after ㅏ/ㅗ) or 었 (other), then add speech level ending. 하다→했. Same vowel harmony as polite ending.

阿拉伯语الفعل الماضي

A1Perfect/past tense: completed actions. Base form is 3rd person masculine singular. Conjugation by suffix: كتب (he wrote), كتبتُ (I wrote), كتبوا (they wrote).

俄语Прошедшее время

A2Past formed from infinitive stem + -л: masc -л, fem -ла, neut -ло, plural -ли. Agrees with subject in gender/number, not person. Быть: был/была/было/были.

荷兰语Onvoltooid Verleden Tijd

B1Simple past (imperfectum) for past states, habits, and narrative. Regular: stem + -te(n)/-de(n) (t-kofschip rule). Irregular verbs have vowel change. Used in formal/written Dutch and storytelling.

土耳其语Geçmiş Zaman (-di'li)

A2The definite past tense (-di/-dı/-du/-dü with consonant harmony -ti/-tı/-tu/-tü) for witnessed or certain past events.

波兰语Czas Przeszły

A2Past tense formed with -ł/-ła/-ło/-li/-ły + personal endings. Gender and number distinction: on pisał, ona pisała, oni pisali.

希腊语Αόριστος

A2Simple past (aorist) for completed actions. Two types: sigmatic (-σα) and non-sigmatic. Irregular verbs common.

捷克语Minulý Čas

A2Past tense: l-participle + auxiliary (in 1st/2nd person). Gender/number: on psal, ona psala, oni psali. 3rd person drops auxiliary.

罗马尼亚语Perfectul Compus

A2Main past tense using auxiliary 'a avea' + past participle. Most common past tense in spoken Romanian.

匈牙利语Múlt Idő

A2Past tense with -t/-tt suffix, both definite and indefinite conjugations. Some verbs have irregular past stems.

希伯来语עבר - בניין פעל

A2Past tense: person/gender suffixes on root. כתבתי, כתבת, כתב, כתבה, כתבנו, כתבתם, כתבו. Root consonants may change.

乌克兰语Минулий Час

A2Past tense with -в/-ла/-ло/-ли. Gender/number agreement: він писав, вона писала, вони писали. No person distinction.

斯瓦希里语Wakati Uliopita (-li-)

A2Past tense formed with subject prefix + -li- + verb root. Indicates completed action: nilisoma (I read/studied), alikuja (he/she came). Negative past uses -ku-: sikusoma (I did not read).

波斯语ماضی ساده

A2Formed with past stem + personal endings (-م, -ی, null, -یم, -ید, -ند). Past stem often differs from present stem. Regular: خواندم khāndam (I read). Negated with ن prefix: نخواندم.

乌尔都语ماضی مطلق

A2Formed with verb stem + ا/ی/ے/یں (gender/number agreement). Uses split-ergativity: transitive verbs take نے ne with the subject, and verb agrees with object. میں نے کتاب پڑھی (I read a book).

爱尔兰语An Aimsir Chaite

A2Regular past tense: lenition of initial consonant, 'd'' before vowels/f. 1st conjugation adds nothing (short verbs) or -aigh (long). Negative: níor + lenition. Question: ar + lenition.

威尔士语Gorffennol gyda Gwneud

A2Periphrastic past tense using 'gwneud' (to do) as auxiliary: Wnes i ddarllen (I read), Wnest ti fynd? (Did you go?). The standard spoken past in modern Welsh.

巴斯克语Lehenaldia

A2Past tense formed with the past forms of auxiliaries: nintzen (I was), nuen (I had it). Main verb stays in base form; the auxiliary carries the tense.

毛利语I (Wā Pahemo)

A2The particle 'i' before the verb marks simple past tense: 'I haere au' (I went). For past with continued relevance, 'kua' is used: 'Kua tae mai ia' (He/She has arrived).

加泰罗尼亚语Contrast entre Temps Passats

B1Distinguishing periphrastic past (completed), present perfect (recent/relevant), and imperfect (habitual/descriptive). Understanding which past tense to use in context.

英语Past Simple Regular

A2Past simple for completed past actions. Regular verbs add -ed (worked, played). Spelling: -e→-ed, consonant-y→-ied, double final consonant. Same form for all persons.

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