间接引语

32种语言

B1Reported speech with verbs like decir, preguntar, responder. Changes: que for statements, si for yes/no questions. Tense backshift when reporting verb is past.

法语Discours Indirect

B1Reported speech with verbs like dire, demander, répondre. Changes: que for statements, si for yes/no questions, question words remain. Tense shifts apply.

意大利语Discorso Indiretto

B2Reporting what someone said. Tense shifts when main verb is past: present → imperfect, passato prossimo → pluperfect, future → past conditional. Time/place references change.

葡萄牙语Discurso Indireto

B1Reported speech with verbs like dizer, perguntar, responder. Tense backshift when reporting verb is past. Que for statements, se for yes/no questions.

日语間接話法

C1Reporting speech with tense/perspective shifts: ということだ (it is said that), とのことだ (according to), と伝えられている (it is reported). Distinguishing hearsay sources.

印地语परोक्ष कथन

B1Reporting speech with कि (that) clause. Tense shifting is less strict than English. Use कहना, बताना, सोचना, पूछना as reporting verbs.

俄语Косвенная речь

B1Indirect speech with что (that), чтобы (in order to/that), ли (whether). No tense shift rule. Pronouns and time expressions may change. Question words stay same.

荷兰语Indirecte Rede

B2Reporting what someone said. Tense shifts from direct speech. Present→simple past, perfect→past perfect, will→zou. Time/place references change. 'Of' for yes/no questions.

瑞典语Indirekt Tal

B2Reported speech with tense shift and pronoun changes. 'Att' often omitted after verbs of saying/thinking.

土耳其语Dolaylı Anlatım

B1Reporting what others said using -dik/-dığını/-diğini or direct quote with diye. Less tense shifting than English.

波兰语Mowa Zależna

B2Reported speech with że-clauses. Tense remains unchanged in Polish (unlike English). Conditional for reported requests.

丹麦语Indirekte Tale

B2Reported speech with tense shift and pronoun changes. 'At' often omitted after verbs of saying/thinking.

挪威语Indirekte Tale

B2Reported speech with tense shift and pronoun changes. 'At' often omitted after verbs of saying/thinking.

芬兰语Referatiivi

B2Reported speech using että-clauses or participle constructions. Tense shifting and pronoun changes apply.

希腊语Πλάγιος Λόγος

B2Reported speech with ότι/πως (that), αν (if/whether). Greek often keeps original tense in indirect speech.

捷克语Nepřímá Řeč

B2Reported speech with že-clauses. Czech often maintains original tense. Conditional for reported requests with aby.

罗马尼亚语Vorbirea Indirectă

B2Indirect discourse with appropriate tense and pronoun shifts. Uses 'că' (that), 'dacă' (if/whether), 'să' (to) after reporting verbs.

匈牙利语Függő Beszéd

B2Indirect discourse with hogy (that) conjunction. No tense shift in Hungarian reported speech, unlike English.

希伯来语דיבור עקיף

B2Reported speech with ש- clauses. Tense often shifts (like English). Questions reported with אם or interrogative words.

泰语คำพูดรายงาน

B2Reported speech with ว่า [wâa] (that): บอกว่า (said that), ถามว่า (asked whether). No tense shift needed.

越南语Lời Nói Gián Tiếp

B2Reported speech with rằng/là (that): nói rằng (said that), hỏi xem (asked whether). No tense shift needed.

印度尼西亚语Kalimat Tak Langsung

B2Reported speech with bahwa (that): mengatakan bahwa (said that), bertanya apakah (asked whether). No tense shift.

乌克兰语Непряма Мова

B2Reported speech with що-clauses. Tense often shifts. Conditional for reported requests with щоб.

斯瓦希里语Usemi wa Taarifa

B2Indirect speech introduced by kwamba/kuwa (that). Tense shifts from direct speech: -na- may become -li- or remain. Verbs of saying: alisema (said), aliambia (told), alidai (claimed).

波斯语نقل قول

B2Direct and indirect reported speech using گفت ke (said that). Tense backshifting occurs in formal register. Colloquial often preserves original tense. Uses verbs like گفتن, پرسیدن, جواب دادن.

菲律宾语Di-tuwirang Pagsasalita (Daw/Raw)

B1Reported speech uses daw/raw (hearsay particle, 'they say/it is said'). Daw follows consonants, raw follows vowels. Also uses sabi (said) constructions.

乌尔都语بالواسطہ بیان

B2Indirect speech uses کہ ke (that) after verbs of saying. Tense may shift. Pronouns adjust. Direct quotation common in Urdu. Verbs: کہنا kahnā (say), پوچھنا pūchnā (ask), بتانا batānā (tell).

约鲁巴语Ọ̀rọ̀ Àròyé

B2Indirect speech uses pé (that) or kí (that, for commands): Ó sọ pé ó máa wá (He said that he would come). Direct speech is also common and introduced by pé without tense shifts.

毛利语Kupu Kōpā

B2Indirect questions: 'Kāore au e mōhio mehemea...' (I don't know whether...). Embedded clauses: 'te mea i kōrero ai ia' (the thing he/she said). Complex information reporting.

粤语間接引述

B2Reporting what others said using 話 waa6 (say/said). Direct quotation uses 話 + quoted speech. Indirect reporting may shift pronouns but not tense (no tense inflection in Cantonese).

加泰罗尼亚语Estil Indirecte

B2Indirect speech with tense backshift: present→imperfect, periphrastic past→pluperfect, future→conditional. Pronoun and time reference changes. Introduced by 'que' after verbs of saying.

英语Reported Statements

B1Reporting what someone said. Tense backshift: present→past, past→past perfect, will→would. Say/tell. Pronoun and time changes.

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