使役结构

6种语言

西班牙语Verbos de Cambio

B2Multiple verbs for 'become': ponerse (emotions, temporary), volverse (gradual, permanent), hacerse (deliberate effort), convertirse en (transformation), quedarse (resulting state), llegar a ser (achievement).

法语Faire Causatif

B1Faire + infinitive for having something done. Je fais réparer ma voiture = I'm having my car repaired. Se faire + infinitive for things done to oneself.

德语Kausativ mit lassen

B2Using lassen to express having something done or allowing: ich lasse... machen.

意大利语Fare Causativo

B2Fare + infinitive to express causing someone to do something or having something done. Object pronouns precede fare. If both agent and patient present, patient is indirect object.

日语使役形

B1Making/letting someone do: godan changes -u to -a + せる, ichidan adds -させる. Can express permission or coercion. Causee marked by に (allow) or を (force).

韩语사동사와 피동사

B2Derived verb forms: causative (-이/히/리/기/우/구/추) makes someone do something, passive (-이/히/리/기) receives action. Many are lexicalized.

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