A1

Pouvoir (can/to be able)

Le Verbe Pouvoir

Pouvoir (can/to be able) in French

Overview

The verb pouvoir (can / to be able to) is one of the three essential modal verbs in French, alongside vouloir (to want) and devoir (must). At the A1 level, pouvoir is one of the first tools you have for expressing ability, possibility, and asking for permission — fundamental communicative functions in any language.

Pouvoir is always followed by an infinitive. The conjugation features a stem change: peu- in the singular, pouv- in nous and vous, and peuv- in ils/elles. The singular forms je peux, tu peux, and il peut all share the same stem but have slightly different endings.

In questions, the first person singular has a special inverted form: puis-je (may I / can I), which sounds more elegant than peux-je. This form is commonly used in polite requests and formal contexts.

How It Works

Present Tense Conjugation

Subject Conjugation
je peux
tu peux
il / elle / on peut
nous pouvons
vous pouvez
ils / elles peuvent

Usage Patterns

Function Example English
Ability Je peux nager. I can swim.
Permission Tu peux entrer. You can come in.
Polite request Vous pouvez répéter ? Can you repeat that?
Formal question Puis-je vous aider ? May I help you?
Possibility Il peut pleuvoir. It may rain.
Impossibility Je ne peux pas venir. I can't come.

Examples in Context

French English Note
Je peux t'aider ? Can I help you? Offering help
Tu peux venir demain ? Can you come tomorrow? Asking ability
Il peut parler trois langues. He can speak three languages. Ability
On peut manger ici ? Can we eat here? Permission
Nous pouvons commencer. We can start. Readiness
Vous pouvez vous asseoir. You can sit down. Invitation
Ils ne peuvent pas rester. They can't stay. Negation
Puis-je avoir l'addition ? May I have the check? Formal/polite
Tu ne peux pas faire ça ! You can't do that! Prohibition
Est-ce qu'on peut payer par carte ? Can we pay by card? Practical question

Common Mistakes

Using "pouvoir" without an infinitive

  • Wrong: Je peux. (in most contexts)
  • Right: Je peux venir. / Oui, je peux. (as a short answer)
  • Why: Pouvoir normally requires a following infinitive. It can stand alone only as a short answer to a question that already specifies the action.

Saying "peux-je" instead of "puis-je"

  • Wrong: Peux-je entrer ?
  • Right: Puis-je entrer ?
  • Why: In inverted questions, the first person singular uses the special form puis-je, not peux-je. Alternatively, use Est-ce que je peux entrer ?

Confusing "pouvoir" and "savoir" for abilities

  • Wrong: Je peux parler français. (meaning "I know how to speak French")
  • Right: Je sais parler français. (skill) / Je peux parler français maintenant. (I'm able to right now)
  • Why: Savoir is for learned skills and knowledge. Pouvoir is for physical ability or permission in the moment.

Practice Tips

  1. Practice making polite requests in shops and restaurants: Est-ce que je peux voir le menu ? Vous pouvez m'aider ? Puis-je payer par carte ? These are immediately useful in real life.
  2. Pair pouvoir with different infinitives to expand your range: je peux manger, je peux dormir, je peux travailler, je peux partir. The structure is always the same.
  3. Practice negation: Je ne peux pas venir. Tu ne peux pas entrer. On ne peut pas rester. Negation with modal verbs is very common.

Related Concepts

  • Regular -ER Verbs — pouvoir is always followed by infinitives, many of which are -er verbs

Prerequisite

Regular -ER VerbsA1

More A1 concepts

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