Numbers and Time
Numerot ja Aika
Numbers and Time in Finnish
Overview
Numbers and time expressions are essential A1 vocabulary that you will use from your very first day of learning Finnish. Finnish cardinal numbers follow a logical pattern, and once you learn the building blocks (1-10, then teens and tens), you can construct any number. However, numbers interact with Finnish grammar in an important way: numbers from 2 onward require the partitive singular of the counted noun.
Telling time in Finnish uses the verb olla with kello (clock): Kello on kolme means "It is three o'clock." Days of the week and months also follow predictable patterns, though you will need to learn how Finnish expresses "on Monday" or "in January" using specific case endings.
This topic connects directly to the partitive case, making it both a vocabulary lesson and a grammar reinforcement exercise.
How It Works
Cardinal numbers 0-20
| Number | Finnish | Number | Finnish |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | nolla | 11 | yksitoista |
| 1 | yksi | 12 | kaksitoista |
| 2 | kaksi | 13 | kolmetoista |
| 3 | kolme | 14 | neljätoista |
| 4 | neljä | 15 | viisitoista |
| 5 | viisi | 16 | kuusitoista |
| 6 | kuusi | 17 | seitsemäntoista |
| 7 | seitsemän | 18 | kahdeksantoista |
| 8 | kahdeksan | 19 | yhdeksäntoista |
| 9 | yhdeksän | 20 | kaksikymmentä |
| 10 | kymmenen |
Tens and beyond
| Number | Finnish |
|---|---|
| 20 | kaksikymmentä |
| 30 | kolmekymmentä |
| 40 | neljäkymmentä |
| 50 | viisikymmentä |
| 100 | sata |
| 1000 | tuhat |
Compound numbers: 21 = kaksikymmentäyksi, 35 = kolmekymmentäviisi, 99 = yhdeksänkymmentäyhdeksän.
Numbers with nouns (partitive rule)
| Number | Pattern | Example |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | yksi + nominative | yksi auto (one car) |
| 2+ | number + partitive singular | kaksi autoa (two cars) |
| kolme taloa (three houses) | ||
| kymmenen ihmistä (ten people) |
Telling time
| Finnish | English |
|---|---|
| Kello on yksi. | It is one o'clock. |
| Kello on kolme. | It is three o'clock. |
| Kello on puoli neljä. | It is half past three. (lit. "half four") |
| Kello on varttia vaille viisi. | It is quarter to five. |
| Kello on viisitoista yli kaksi. | It is fifteen past two. |
Note: Puoli neljä means "half four" = 3:30 (the half before four), similar to German and Scandinavian languages.
Days of the week
| Finnish | English | "On [day]" |
|---|---|---|
| maanantai | Monday | maanantaina |
| tiistai | Tuesday | tiistaina |
| keskiviikko | Wednesday | keskiviikkona |
| torstai | Thursday | torstaina |
| perjantai | Friday | perjantaina |
| lauantai | Saturday | lauantaina |
| sunnuntai | Sunday | sunnuntaina |
The essive case ending -na/-nä is used to express "on" a day.
Months
| Finnish | English |
|---|---|
| tammikuu | January |
| helmikuu | February |
| maaliskuu | March |
| huhtikuu | April |
| toukokuu | May |
| kesäkuu | June |
| heinäkuu | July |
| elokuu | August |
| syyskuu | September |
| lokakuu | October |
| marraskuu | November |
| joulukuu | December |
"In January" = tammikuussa (inessive case).
Examples in Context
| Finnish | English | Note |
|---|---|---|
| Kello on kolme. | It is three o'clock. | Telling time |
| Kaksi autoa | Two cars | Number + partitive |
| Maanantaina menen töihin. | On Monday I go to work. | Day with essive |
| Ensimmäinen toukokuuta | The first of May | Date format |
| Minulla on kolme lasta. | I have three children. | Number + partitive |
| Kauppa on auki kello yhdeksästä viiteen. | The store is open from nine to five. | Time range |
| Asun täällä viisi vuotta. | I live here for five years. | Duration |
| Tammikuussa on kylmä. | In January it is cold. | Month + inessive |
| Hän on neljäkymmentäviisi vuotta vanha. | He/She is forty-five years old. | Age expression |
| Kello on puoli kahdeksan. | It is half past seven. | "Half eight" = 7:30 |
| Kokous on kello kymmeneltä. | The meeting is at ten o'clock. | Ablative for "at" time |
Common Mistakes
Using nominative instead of partitive after numbers
- Wrong: kaksi auto
- Right: kaksi autoa
- Why: Numbers from 2 onward always require the partitive singular of the noun.
Misunderstanding "puoli"
- Wrong: Thinking puoli neljä means 4:30
- Right: Puoli neljä = 3:30
- Why: Puoli indicates the half-hour before the stated number. "Half four" = halfway to four = 3:30.
Forgetting case endings on days
- Wrong: maanantai menen töihin
- Right: maanantaina menen töihin
- Why: To say "on Monday," you need the essive ending -na: maanantaina.
Wrong month case
- Wrong: tammikuulla on kylmä
- Right: tammikuussa on kylmä
- Why: Months use the inessive case (-ssa/-ssä) to express "in [month]."
Practice Tips
- Daily clock practice: Every hour, say the time in Finnish. This builds automatic recall of number words and the time-telling pattern.
- Counting objects: Count things around you throughout the day, always with the partitive: kaksi ikkunaa, kolme tuolia, neljä kirjaa. This reinforces the number + partitive pattern.
- Calendar narration: Each morning, say the day and date in Finnish: Tänään on maanantai, ensimmäinen tammikuuta. Add what you plan to do to practice combining time expressions with verbs.
Related Concepts
- Prerequisite: Nominative and Partitive Cases — numbers require the partitive case
- Next steps: Ordinal Numbers — first, second, third, etc.
Prerequisite
Nominative and Partitive CasesA1Concepts that build on this
More A1 concepts
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