Infinitive with *zu* in German
Infinitiv mit zu
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In Brief
German often places zu before an infinitive—the basic verb form—after verbs such as versuchen and hoffen, adjective phrases such as es ist wichtig, and nouns such as Lust or Zeit: Ich versuche, mehr zu lesen. The infinitive phrase normally comes late in the sentence. With a separable verb, zu goes inside the verb: aufzuräumen.
Overview
An infinitive is the unconjugated dictionary form of a verb, such as lernen “to learn” or gehen “to go.” An infinitive phrase adds information around that verb: jeden Tag Deutsch zu lernen (“to learn German every day”). Unlike a finite clause, it normally has no separately stated subject and no verb marked for person.
At B1, this construction lets you connect ideas without repeating a full clause. Compare Ich hoffe, dass ich die Prüfung bestehe (“I hope that I pass the exam”) with the more compact Ich hoffe, die Prüfung zu bestehen (“I hope to pass the exam”). The compact version works because the understood person passing the exam is the same person who hopes.
English often uses “to” in similar places, but the match is not exact. English “I want to go” becomes Ich will gehen, with no zu, because wollen is a modal verb. German also sends the infinitive and its accompanying words toward the end, so learning the whole sentence pattern is more useful than translating “to” word by word.
How It Works
The basic pattern
A conjugated verb carries tense and agrees with the subject; the zu + infinitive phrase supplies the second action.
| Main expression | Infinitive phrase | Complete sentence |
|---|---|---|
| Ich versuche | mehr Wasser zu trinken | Ich versuche, mehr Wasser zu trinken. |
| Es ist schwer | früh aufzustehen | Es ist schwer, früh aufzustehen. |
| Wir haben Zeit | alles zu erklären | Wir haben Zeit, alles zu erklären. |
The infinitive stands at the end of its own phrase. Objects, adverbs, and negation come before it:
- Sie hofft, die Stelle bald zu bekommen.
- Ich habe beschlossen, heute nicht auszugehen.
- Er versucht, seiner Kollegin ruhig zu antworten.
The person performing the infinitive action is usually understood from the main clause. In Mara verspricht, pünktlich zu kommen, Mara both promises and comes. Sometimes another element supplies the understood subject: Der Arzt rät mir, mehr zu schlafen means that I, represented by mir, should sleep more.
After certain verbs
Many verbs are commonly followed by zu + infinitive. Learn them as patterns rather than assuming that every German verb behaves like its English equivalent.
| Meaning | Common German triggers | Example |
|---|---|---|
| attempt or effort | versuchen, sich bemühen | Er versucht, ruhig zu bleiben. |
| plan or intention | planen, vorhaben, beabsichtigen | Wir haben vor, im Mai umzuziehen. |
| beginning or stopping | beginnen, anfangen, aufhören | Sie hört auf, sich zu beschweren. |
| hope, fear, or expectation | hoffen, erwarten, befürchten | Ich hoffe, dich bald zu sehen. |
| remembering or forgetting | vergessen, daran denken | Denk daran, die Tür abzuschließen. |
| decision or refusal | beschließen, sich entscheiden, sich weigern | Er weigert sich, die Rechnung zu bezahlen. |
| promise or claim | versprechen, behaupten, scheinen | Sie scheint müde zu sein. |
The verb scheinen (“to seem”) is especially useful: the grammatical subject belongs with the infinitive in meaning. Der Zug scheint Verspätung zu haben means “The train seems to be delayed,” not that the train actively does any seeming.
After adjectives
A common frame is es + sein + adjective + infinitive phrase:
- Es ist wichtig, genug zu schlafen.
- Es war schwierig, eine Wohnung zu finden.
- Es wäre schön, euch wiederzusehen.
The initial es is a placeholder—it fills the subject position before the real content arrives. If the infinitive phrase comes first, es disappears: Genug zu schlafen ist wichtig. This order is grammatical but often sounds heavier and more formal.
You can also identify the person concerned with für + accusative: Es ist schwer für mich, so früh aufzustehen. Here für mich makes clear who finds the action difficult.
After nouns
Nouns can license an infinitive phrase, especially nouns expressing a wish, opportunity, reason, duty, or feeling.
| Noun pattern | Example | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Lust haben | Ich habe Lust, tanzen zu gehen. | to feel like doing something |
| Zeit haben | Hast du Zeit, mir zu helfen? | to have time to do something |
| die Möglichkeit haben | Wir haben die Möglichkeit, online zu buchen. | to have the opportunity to do something |
| Angst haben | Sie hat Angst, einen Fehler zu machen. | to be afraid of doing something |
| der Wunsch | Sein Wunsch, im Ausland zu leben, ist geblieben. | the wish to do something |
| die Aufgabe | Unsere Aufgabe ist es, die Daten zu prüfen. | the task of doing something |
Where zu goes
The spelling depends on the structure of the infinitive.
| Verb type | Basic infinitive | With zu | Rule |
|---|---|---|---|
| simple verb | lernen | zu lernen | separate word before the verb |
| separable verb | aufstehen | aufzustehen | inserted between prefix and stem |
| separable verb | mitkommen | mitzukommen | inserted between prefix and stem |
| inseparable prefix | verstehen | zu verstehen | separate; never insert it into the verb |
| verb in -ieren | reservieren | zu reservieren | separate; -ieren verbs are inseparable |
A separable prefix is the first part that moves away in a main clause: Ich stehe früh auf. That same split predicts auf-zu-stehen. Inseparable prefixes such as be-, emp-, ent-, er-, ver-, and zer- do not allow insertion: zu bezahlen, zu erklären, zu verlieren.
In a sequence of infinitives, each verb follows the pattern required by the construction: Ich hoffe, bald anfangen zu können. Here anfangen is the complement of the modal können, so it has no zu; the whole modal group is connected to hoffen by zu können.
When there is no zu
The most important exceptions are not random: they belong to recognizable verb groups.
| Trigger | Pattern | Example |
|---|---|---|
| modal verbs: können, müssen, wollen, sollen, dürfen, mögen | modal + bare infinitive | Wir müssen jetzt gehen. |
| future werden | werden + bare infinitive | Sie wird morgen anrufen. |
| lassen | lassen + bare infinitive | Lass mich ausreden. |
| perception verbs sehen, hören | perception + person/thing + bare infinitive | Ich hörte ihn lachen. |
| movement + activity | gehen/fahren/kommen + bare infinitive | Wir gehen einkaufen. |
| bleiben + activity | bleiben + bare infinitive | Bitte bleib sitzen. |
English is particularly misleading with wollen: “She wants to leave” is Sie will gehen, not sie will zu gehen. Also note brauchen: in the useful negative pattern nicht brauchen zu, it does take zu: Du brauchst nicht zu warten (“You don’t need to wait”).
Infinitive phrase or dass clause?
Use an infinitive phrase when its unstated subject is clear and normally controlled by the subject or another element in the main clause. Use a finite subordinate clause—a clause with its own stated subject and conjugated verb—when you need to name a different subject.
| Same or understood subject | Different stated subject |
|---|---|
| Ich hoffe, bald anzukommen. | Ich hoffe, dass der Zug bald ankommt. |
| Sie bittet ihn, leise zu sprechen. | Sie möchte, dass die Kinder leise sprechen. |
| Wir freuen uns, euch zu sehen. | Wir freuen uns, dass ihr hier seid. |
Not every dass clause can be compressed naturally. If changing it to an infinitive phrase makes the doer unclear or changes who performs the action, keep dass.
Commas
German comma rules for infinitive groups depend on the construction. A comma is required when the group:
- is introduced by um, ohne, statt/anstatt, außer, or als;
- depends on a noun, as in der Plan, früher zu gehen;
- is announced or resumed by a pointer word such as es, daran, or damit: Ich liebe es, lange auszuschlafen.
In many other cases the comma is optional under modern spelling rules, but it is often helpful and is standard in learner materials: Ich versuche, früher zu kommen. Use a comma whenever it prevents a misleading reading, and apply one style consistently.
Examples in Context
| German | English | Note |
|---|---|---|
| Ich versuche, jeden Tag Deutsch zu lernen. | I try to learn German every day. | After versuchen |
| Es ist wichtig, pünktlich zu sein. | It is important to be on time. | After an adjective phrase |
| Er hat keine Lust, heute zu arbeiten. | He doesn’t feel like working today. | After the noun Lust |
| Wir haben beschlossen, den Vertrag nicht zu unterschreiben. | We have decided not to sign the contract. | nicht precedes the infinitive |
| Vergiss nicht, deine Schwester anzurufen. | Don’t forget to call your sister. | Separable anrufen → anzurufen |
| Sie hofft, bald eine neue Wohnung zu finden. | She hopes to find a new apartment soon. | Same understood subject |
| Der Lehrer bittet uns, leiser zu sprechen. | The teacher asks us to speak more quietly. | uns identifies the speakers |
| Es fällt mir schwer, morgens aufzustehen. | I find it hard to get up in the morning. | Fixed pattern jemandem schwerfallen |
| Ich freue mich darauf, dich wiederzusehen. | I’m looking forward to seeing you again. | darauf points to the infinitive group |
| Du brauchst morgen nicht zu kommen. | You don’t need to come tomorrow. | nicht brauchen zu |
| Wir müssen noch einkaufen gehen. | We still have to go shopping. | Modal and movement verb: no zu |
| Sie scheint die Antwort zu kennen. | She seems to know the answer. | With scheinen |
| Er ging, ohne sich zu verabschieden. | He left without saying goodbye. | ohne … zu; comma required |
| Ich hoffe, alles richtig gemacht zu haben. | I hope I did everything correctly. | Perfect infinitive, earlier action |
Common Mistakes
Adding zu after a modal verb
- Wrong: Ich muss morgen zu arbeiten.
- Right: Ich muss morgen arbeiten.
- Why: Modal verbs take a bare infinitive. The English word “to” is not a reliable guide.
Putting zu before a separable verb
- Wrong: Sie versucht, zu aufstehen.
- Right: Sie versucht, aufzustehen.
- Why: Insert zu between the separable prefix auf- and the stem stehen, and write the result as one word.
Inserting zu into an inseparable verb
- Wrong: Ich hoffe, das Problem zu verste-hen / ver-zustehen.
- Right: Ich hoffe, das Problem zu verstehen.
- Why: ver- is inseparable. Put zu before the complete infinitive.
Leaving the infinitive too early in its phrase
- Wrong: Er versucht, zu erklären das Problem.
- Right: Er versucht, das Problem zu erklären.
- Why: The infinitive closes its phrase; its object normally comes before it.
Using an infinitive phrase with the wrong understood subject
- Wrong: Ich hoffe, mein Bruder kommt morgen zu besuchen.
- Right: Ich hoffe, dass mein Bruder mich morgen besucht.
- Why: The brother needs his own stated subject and conjugated verb. The original sentence cannot be compressed into this infinitive pattern.
Forgetting a required comma
- Wrong: Sie ging ohne sich zu verabschieden.
- Right: Sie ging, ohne sich zu verabschieden.
- Why: Infinitive groups introduced by ohne—and by um, statt/anstatt, außer, or als—must be separated by a comma.
Usage Notes
Infinitive constructions are common in both conversation and writing. Everyday speech often favors short patterns such as Ich versuche, früher zu kommen and Ich habe vergessen, Brot zu kaufen. Longer, densely packed infinitive groups are more characteristic of formal writing; in conversation, speakers may choose a dass clause or split the thought into two sentences.
Some verbs vary between an infinitive with and without zu, especially helfen, lernen, and lehren. A short, closely connected infinitive is often bare: Sie lernt schwimmen; Hilf mir tragen. With an expanded group, zu is common: Sie lernt, selbstständig mit schwierigen Kunden umzugehen; Er half mir, die Kisten in den Keller zu tragen. Usage can vary, so imitate established examples rather than forcing one rule onto every case.
With sehen and hören, the bare infinitive describes directly perceived activity: Ich sehe die Kinder spielen. A clause with dass presents a fact instead: Ich sehe, dass die Kinder spielen. Both may translate similarly, but the first feels like witnessing the action itself.
Beyond the Basics / Advanced Use
Earlier actions: the perfect infinitive
To show that the infinitive action happened before the main action or judgment, use past participle + zu haben/sein. A past participle is the verb form used in the German perfect tense, such as gemacht or gekommen.
- Er behauptet, nichts gewusst zu haben. — He claims not to have known anything.
- Sie scheint schon gegangen zu sein. — She seems to have left already.
- Ich bedauere, das gesagt zu haben. — I regret having said that.
Choose haben or sein as you would in the normal perfect tense: Sie ist gegangen → gegangen zu sein.
Passive infinitives
A passive infinitive focuses on what happens to someone or something. Use past participle + zu werden for an event and past participle + zu sein for a resulting state or requirement in suitable contexts:
- Das Formular muss noch ausgefüllt werden. — The form still has to be filled out. (After a modal, the complete passive infinitive has no zu before werden.)
- Er hofft, eingeladen zu werden. — He hopes to be invited.
- Die Rechnung scheint bereits bezahlt zu sein. — The invoice appears already to be paid.
sein + zu and haben + zu
These compact patterns often express possibility, necessity, or obligation and occur frequently in formal or written German.
- Das Problem ist leicht zu lösen. — The problem is easy to solve / can easily be solved.
- Die Regeln sind zu beachten. — The rules must be observed.
- Wir haben noch viel zu erledigen. — We still have a lot to do.
Their meaning depends on context. Das ist nicht zu verstehen may mean “That cannot be understood,” while Die Frist ist einzuhalten expresses an obligation.
Infinitive clauses with um, ohne, and statt
These are related constructions built from the same word-order and zu placement rules:
- Sie spart Geld, um eine Reise zu machen. — purpose: in order to take a trip
- Er ging, ohne etwas zu sagen. — accompanying absence: without saying anything
- Statt zu lernen, spielte er am Computer. — alternative not chosen: instead of studying
The subject of these infinitive clauses is normally the same as the relevant subject in the main clause. For purpose with a different subject, German generally uses damit, which is the natural next topic after this one.
Practice Tips
- Build trigger cards, not isolated verb cards. Record versuchen, etwas zu tun, Lust haben, etwas zu tun, and es ist wichtig, etwas zu tun. This trains the construction and the vocabulary together.
- Transform short sentences. Start with Ich räume das Zimmer auf and attach a trigger: Ich verspreche, das Zimmer aufzuräumen. Mix simple, separable, inseparable, and -ieren verbs.
- Sort examples into “zu” and “no zu.” When listening or reading, collect one sentence for each trigger: a modal, lassen, a perception verb, versuchen, an adjective, and a noun. Say why each infinitive has—or lacks—zu.
Related Concepts
- Prerequisite: Regular Verbs (Present) — provides the basic verb forms and sentence patterns used here.
- Next step: Purpose Clauses: um...zu, damit — uses zu infinitives to express purpose and contrasts them with a finite clause when subjects differ.
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- When do you use zu + infinitive in German?
- German commonly uses zu + infinitive after verbs such as versuchen, hoffen, vergessen, and vorhaben; after adjective phrases such as es ist wichtig; and after nouns such as Lust, Zeit, and Angst. The infinitive phrase normally comes at the end of its clause.
- Which German verbs take an infinitive without zu?
- Modal verbs take a bare infinitive, as do lassen and usually perception verbs such as sehen and hören. Werden in the future tense also takes no zu. Some movement verbs, bleiben, lernen, helfen, and lehren have their own patterns.
- Where does zu go in a separable German verb?
- With a separable verb, zu goes between the prefix and the verb stem, and the result is written as one word: aufräumen becomes aufzuräumen and mitkommen becomes mitzukommen. With inseparable verbs and verbs ending in -ieren, zu remains a separate word.
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