中文语法
探索 80 个语法概念——从初级到高级。
这是驱动 Settemila Lingue 的语法树——每个概念都会生成一套专项练习牌组,包含 AI 生成的闪卡。
A1 (30)
学习中文时,Pinyin Initials(声母)是语言基础的重要组成部分。这是 A1(入门)级别的学习内容。The 21 initial consonants in Mandarin pinyin romanization. Includes aspirated/unaspirated pairs (b/p, d/t, g/k) and retroflex sounds (zh, ch, sh, r).
中文的Pinyin Finals(韵母)在日常交流中扮演着重要角色。这是 A1(入门)级别的学习内容。Vowel combinations (finals) in pinyin: simple vowels (a, o, e, i, u, ü), compound finals (ai, ei, ao, ou), and nasal finals (an, en, ang, eng, ong).
掌握中文的The Four Tones(四声)是有效沟通的基础要素之一。这是 A1(入门)级别的学习内容。Mandarin's four tones plus neutral tone: 1st (high flat), 2nd (rising), 3rd (dipping), 4th (falling). Tone marks: ā á ǎ à. Tone changes meaning.
对于中文学习者来说,Tone Sandhi(变调)是一个非常重要的语法概念。这是 A1(入门)级别的学习内容。Tone changes in context: 3rd + 3rd → 2nd + 3rd (你好 nǐhǎo → níhǎo), 不 (bù) before 4th → bú, 一 (yī) changes based on following tone.
在中文学习中,Basic Character Structure(汉字基础)是语法学习中的关键内容。这是 A1(入门)级别的学习内容。Chinese character components: radicals (部首), stroke order rules, character types (pictographs, ideographs, compounds). Building blocks for reading.
学习中文时,Common Radicals(常用部首)是语言基础的重要组成部分。这是 A1(入门)级别的学习内容。Semantic components indicating meaning category: 氵(water), 木 (wood), 口 (mouth), 女 (woman), 言 (speech), 心 (heart). Key to character learning.
中文的Personal Pronouns(人称代词)在日常交流中扮演着重要角色。这是 A1(入门)级别的学习内容。Basic pronouns: 我 (I), 你 (you), 他/她/它 (he/she/it), 我们 (we), 你们 (you pl), 他们 (they). Add 的 for possessive. No case changes.
掌握中文的Basic Sentence Structure(基本句型)是有效沟通的基础要素之一。这是 A1(入门)级别的学习内容。Chinese word order: Subject-Verb-Object (SVO). No verb conjugation. Topic-comment structure common. Time before place before manner.
对于中文学习者来说,Shi Sentences(是字句)是一个非常重要的语法概念。这是 A1(入门)级别的学习内容。The verb 是 (shì) for identity/classification: A 是 B (A is B). Negation: 不是. Not used with adjectives (unlike English 'is').
在中文学习中,You Sentences(有字句)是语法学习中的关键内容。这是 A1(入门)级别的学习内容。The verb 有 (yǒu) for possession and existence: 我有... (I have), 这里有... (there is here). Negation: 没有 (not 不有).
学习中文时,Adjectives with 很(形容词谓语句)是语言基础的重要组成部分。这是 A1(入门)级别的学习内容。Adjectives as predicates use 很 (hěn) as default (not necessarily meaning 'very'): 他很高 (He is tall). Without 很, implies comparison.
中文的Negation 不/没(否定词)在日常交流中扮演着重要角色。这是 A1(入门)级别的学习内容。Two negation words: 不 (bù) for habits, states, future; 没(有) (méi) for past actions and 有. 不 changes to bú before 4th tone.
掌握中文的Yes/No Questions with 吗(吗字问句)是有效沟通的基础要素之一。这是 A1(入门)级别的学习内容。Add 吗 (ma) to statement end for yes/no questions. No word order change needed. Answer by repeating verb (affirmative) or 不/没 + verb (negative).
对于中文学习者来说,Question Words(疑问词)是一个非常重要的语法概念。这是 A1(入门)级别的学习内容。Question words stay in place (no fronting): 什么 (what), 谁 (who), 哪里/哪儿 (where), 什么时候 (when), 怎么 (how), 为什么 (why), 几/多少 (how many).
在中文学习中,Demonstratives 这/那(指示代词)是语法学习中的关键内容。这是 A1(入门)级别的学习内容。Demonstratives: 这 (zhè - this), 那 (nà - that). Combined with 个 or measure words: 这个 (this one), 那本书 (that book). 这里/那里 (here/there).
学习中文时,Numbers 1-100(数字)是语言基础的重要组成部分。这是 A1(入门)级别的学习内容。Numbers: 一 to 十, then 十一, 十二... 二十, 二十一... 一百. 二 vs 两 (两 before measure words). Simple and logical system.
中文的Measure Words (Classifiers)(量词)在日常交流中扮演着重要角色。这是 A1(入门)级别的学习内容。Classifiers required between number/demonstrative and noun: 个 (general), 本 (books), 张 (flat things), 杯 (cups), 只 (animals). Num + MW + Noun.
掌握中文的Time Expressions(时间词)是有效沟通的基础要素之一。这是 A1(入门)级别的学习内容。Time words come before the verb: 今天 (today), 明天 (tomorrow), 昨天 (yesterday), 现在 (now). Clock time: 几点 (what time), 三点 (3 o'clock).
对于中文学习者来说,Location Words(方位词)是一个非常重要的语法概念。这是 A1(入门)级别的学习内容。Location words: 上 (on), 下 (under), 里/内 (in), 外 (out), 前 (front), 后 (back), 左 (left), 右 (right). Combined: 上面, 里面, etc.
在中文学习中,在 for Location(在字句)是语法学习中的关键内容。这是 A1(入门)级别的学习内容。在 (zài) indicates location: 在 + place (be at), 在 + place + verb (do something at). Existence: place + 有. Position critical.
学习中文时,Common Verbs(常用动词)是语言基础的重要组成部分。这是 A1(入门)级别的学习内容。High-frequency verbs: 是 (be), 有 (have), 去 (go), 来 (come), 吃 (eat), 喝 (drink), 看 (see/read), 听 (listen), 说 (speak), 做 (do), 买 (buy), 要 (want).
中文的Modal Verbs(能愿动词)在日常交流中扮演着重要角色。这是 A1(入门)级别的学习内容。Modal verbs before main verb: 会 (can/know how), 能 (can/able), 可以 (may/can), 要 (want/will), 想 (want/think), 应该 (should).
掌握中文的Greetings and Expressions(问候语)是有效沟通的基础要素之一。这是 A1(入门)级别的学习内容。Common phrases: 你好 (hello), 谢谢 (thanks), 不客气 (you're welcome), 对不起 (sorry), 没关系 (it's okay), 再见 (goodbye).
对于中文学习者来说,的 for Possession(的字结构(领属))是一个非常重要的语法概念。这是 A1(入门)级别的学习内容。Particle 的 (de) marks possession and modification: 我的书 (my book), 中国的文化 (China's culture). Can be omitted with close relationships.
学习中文时,Basic Prepositions(介词)是语言基础的重要组成部分。这是 A1(入门)级别的学习内容。Common prepositions: 从 (from), 到 (to/until), 向 (toward), 对 (to/toward), 跟 (with), 给 (for/to), 离 (from/distance). Prepositions come before their objects.
中文的Basic Conjunctions(基本连词)在日常交流中扮演着重要角色。这是 A1(入门)级别的学习内容。Simple connectors: 和 (and, for nouns), 也 (also), 都 (all/both), 还 (also/still), 又 (again/both), 或者 (or). 和 cannot connect clauses.
掌握中文的Common Adverbs(常用副词)是有效沟通的基础要素之一。这是 A1(入门)级别的学习内容。Adverbs before verbs: 很 (very), 太 (too), 真 (really), 就 (then/precisely), 才 (only then/only), 已经 (already), 常常 (often), 一直 (always/continuously).
对于中文学习者来说,Family Terms(家庭称谓)是一个非常重要的语法概念。这是 A1(入门)级别的学习内容。Chinese distinguishes paternal/maternal, older/younger relatives. 爸爸/妈妈 (dad/mom), 哥哥/姐姐 (older brother/sister), 弟弟/妹妹 (younger brother/sister).
在中文学习中,Money and Shopping(钱和购物)是语法学习中的关键内容。这是 A1(入门)级别的学习内容。Currency: 元/块 (yuan), 角/毛 (jiao), 分 (fen). Shopping phrases: 多少钱 (how much), 太贵了 (too expensive), 便宜一点 (cheaper).
学习中文时,Weather and Seasons(天气和季节)是语言基础的重要组成部分。这是 A1(入门)级别的学习内容。Weather: 天气 (weather), 热/冷 (hot/cold), 下雨/下雪 (rain/snow). Seasons: 春天, 夏天, 秋天, 冬天 (spring, summer, autumn, winter).
A2 (13)
在中文学习中,了 for Completed Action(动态助词「了」)是语法学习中的关键内容。这是 A2(初级)级别的学习内容。Aspect particle 了 after verb indicates completed action: 我吃了 (I ate). Different from sentence-final 了 (change of state). Can combine.
学习中文时,了 for Change of State(语气助词「了」)是语言基础的重要组成部分。这是 A2(初级)级别的学习内容。Sentence-final 了 indicates new situation or change: 下雨了 (It's raining now). 太...了 (too...), 快要...了 (about to). Different from verb 了.
中文的过 for Experience(动态助词「过」)在日常交流中扮演着重要角色。这是 A2(初级)级别的学习内容。Aspect particle 过 after verb for past experience: 我去过中国 (I've been to China). Negation: 没...过. Focus on having had the experience.
掌握中文的着 for Continuous State(动态助词「着」)是有效沟通的基础要素之一。这是 A2(初级)级别的学习内容。Aspect particle 着 after verb for ongoing state or manner: 门开着 (door is open), 他站着 (he's standing). Often with 正在...呢 for actions in progress.
对于中文学习者来说,在 for Progressive(正在进行)是一个非常重要的语法概念。这是 A2(初级)级别的学习内容。在/正在 + verb for action in progress: 我在吃饭 (I'm eating). Often with sentence-final 呢. Similar to English '-ing'.
在中文学习中,Comparison with 比(比较句)是语法学习中的关键内容。这是 A2(初级)级别的学习内容。Comparative structure: A 比 B + adj. No 很 in comparison. For 'more' use 更. Degree words: 一点儿, 多了, 得多.
学习中文时,Result Complements(结果补语)是语言基础的重要组成部分。这是 A2(初级)级别的学习内容。Verb + result complement shows outcome: 看见 (see-perceive), 听懂 (listen-understand), 做完 (do-finish). Complements: 完, 好, 到, 见, 懂, 错.
中文的Directional Complements(趋向补语)在日常交流中扮演着重要角色。这是 A2(初级)级别的学习内容。Verb + direction shows movement: 来/去 (come/go), 上/下 (up/down), 进/出 (in/out), 回 (back). Compound: 上来, 下去, 进来, 出去.
掌握中文的得 for Degree/Manner(程度补语「得」)是有效沟通的基础要素之一。这是 A2(初级)级别的学习内容。Verb + 得 + description shows degree/manner of action: 说得很好 (speak very well), 跑得快 (run fast). Negative: 得不... Object moves before verb.
对于中文学习者来说,的/地/得 Distinction(的地得区别)是一个非常重要的语法概念。这是 A2(初级)级别的学习内容。Three 'de' particles: 的 (noun modifier), 地 (adverb marker before verb), 得 (complement marker after verb). Sound same, different functions.
在中文学习中,Ba Construction(把字句)是语法学习中的关键内容。这是 A2(初级)级别的学习内容。把 + object + verb (+ complement) for disposal/action on object. Object must be definite. Verb needs complement or other element. 把书放在桌子上.
学习中文时,被 Passive(被字句)是语言基础的重要组成部分。这是 A2(初级)级别的学习内容。Passive with 被: subject + 被 (+ agent) + verb. Often implies negative outcome. Agent optional. 叫/让 also used for passive/causative.
中文的Conjunctions(连词)在日常交流中扮演着重要角色。这是 A2(初级)级别的学习内容。Connecting words: 和 (and, nouns), 但是/可是 (but), 因为...所以 (because...so), 虽然...但是 (although...but), 如果...就 (if...then).
B1 (13)
掌握中文的Potential Complements(可能补语)是有效沟通的基础要素之一。这是 B1(中级)级别的学习内容。Verb + 得/不 + complement for ability/possibility: 看得见 (can see), 听不懂 (can't understand). Affirmative: 得, Negative: 不. Very common pattern.
对于中文学习者来说,Adjective Complements(形容词补语)是一个非常重要的语法概念。这是 B1(中级)级别的学习内容。Verb + 得 + adj phrase for resulting state or intensity: 热得受不了 (so hot can't stand it), 高兴得跳起来 (so happy jumped up).
在中文学习中,Topic-Comment Structure(话题句)是语法学习中的关键内容。这是 B1(中级)级别的学习内容。Topic fronted for emphasis: topic + comment. Topic can be object, time, place. 这本书我看过 (This book, I've read). Common in Chinese.
学习中文时,Serial Verb Constructions(连动句)是语言基础的重要组成部分。这是 B1(中级)级别的学习内容。Multiple verbs in sequence: 去商店买东西 (go to store buy things). Verbs share subject, happen in order. Common pattern for expressing purpose.
中文的Pivotal Constructions(兼语句)在日常交流中扮演着重要角色。这是 B1(中级)级别的学习内容。Subj + V1 + person + V2: 让/叫/请 (make/ask), 帮 (help). First verb's object is second verb's subject: 我请他吃饭 (I invite him to eat).
掌握中文的Relative Clauses with 的(定语从句)是有效沟通的基础要素之一。这是 B1(中级)级别的学习内容。Modifying clause + 的 + noun (clause before noun, opposite of English): 我买的书 (the book that I bought), 说中文的人 (person who speaks Chinese).
对于中文学习者来说,Shi-De Construction(是...的句型)是一个非常重要的语法概念。这是 B1(中级)级别的学习内容。是...的 emphasizes circumstances of past action (time, place, manner, agent): 我是昨天来的 (I came yesterday - emphasis on when). 是 can be omitted.
在中文学习中,Verb/Adjective Reduplication(重叠)是语法学习中的关键内容。这是 B1(中级)级别的学习内容。Reduplication for brief/casual action (verb) or intensification (adj): 看看 (take a look), 高高的 (tall tall = very tall). Pattern: AA, AABB, ABAB.
学习中文时,Duration and Frequency(时量和动量)是语言基础的重要组成部分。这是 B1(中级)级别的学习内容。Duration after verb: 学了三年 (studied 3 years). Frequency with 次/遍: 去过两次 (been twice). With object: V + time + O or V + O + V + time.
中文的Future Expressions(将来表达)在日常交流中扮演着重要角色。这是 B1(中级)级别的学习内容。Expressing future: 会 (will, prediction), 要 (will, intention), 打算 (plan to), 准备 (prepare to), 快要...了 (about to). No future tense marker per se.
掌握中文的Conditional Constructions(条件句)是有效沟通的基础要素之一。这是 B1(中级)级别的学习内容。Conditionals: 如果...就 (if...then), 要是...就 (if...then, colloquial), 只要...就 (as long as...then), 除非...才 (unless...only then).
对于中文学习者来说,Superlative and Equivalence(最高级和等比)是一个非常重要的语法概念。这是 B1(中级)级别的学习内容。Superlative: 最 + adj (most). Equivalence: A 跟 B 一样 + adj (A is as... as B). Not as: A 没有 B + adj. Gradual change: 越来越.
在中文学习中,Suggestions and Imperatives(建议和祈使)是语法学习中的关键内容。这是 B1(中级)级别的学习内容。Suggestions: 吧 (softer), 别 (don't), 应该 (should), 最好 (had better). Imperative with 请 (please). Prohibitions with 不要/别.
B2 (10)
中文的Complex Directional Complements(复合趋向补语)在日常交流中扮演着重要角色。这是 B2(中高级)级别的学习内容。Three-part directional complements: V + direction + 来/去. Object placement varies: 走进来, 拿出去. With 起来, 下去 for figurative meanings.
掌握中文的Lian-Dou Construction(连...都/也)是有效沟通的基础要素之一。这是 B2(中高级)级别的学习内容。Emphatic 'even': 连...都/也 (even... also). Emphasizes unexpected inclusion: 连他都知道 (even he knows). Strong emphasis pattern.
对于中文学习者来说,越...越 Pattern(越...越)是一个非常重要的语法概念。这是 B2(中高级)级别的学习内容。Progressive correlation: 越...越... (the more... the more). 越来越 (more and more). Expresses gradual increase or proportional change.
在中文学习中,Passive Alternatives(其他被动式)是语法学习中的关键内容。这是 B2(中高级)级别的学习内容。Beyond 被: 叫/让 (by, often negative), 给 (colloquial), 受到 (receive, formal), 遭到 (suffer). Notional passive (no marker) also common.
学习中文时,Discourse Markers(话语标记)是语言基础的重要组成部分。这是 B2(中高级)级别的学习内容。Connectors for complex discourse: 首先 (first), 其次 (second), 另外 (in addition), 总之 (in short), 反正 (anyway), 既然...就 (since...then).
中文的Idiomatic Structures(固定结构)在日常交流中扮演着重要角色。这是 B2(中高级)级别的学习内容。Set patterns: 不但...而且 (not only...but also), 与其...不如 (rather than...better to), 无论...都 (no matter...all), 除了...以外 (except/besides).
学习中文时,Reported Speech(间接引语)是语言基础的重要组成部分。这是 B2(中高级)级别的学习内容。Reporting speech: 说 (say), 告诉 (tell), 问 (ask), 觉得/认为 (think). No tense shift like English. Direct quotes use colon and quotation marks.
中文的Abstract Directional Complements(引申趋向补语)在日常交流中扮演着重要角色。这是 B2(中高级)级别的学习内容。Figurative use of directional complements: 起来 (begin/seem), 下去 (continue), 出来 (figure out), 下来 (settle down), 过来 (regain consciousness).
掌握中文的Emphasis Patterns(强调句型)是有效沟通的基础要素之一。这是 B2(中高级)级别的学习内容。Emphatic structures: 就是 (precisely), 才 vs 就 (only then vs already), 再...也 (no matter how...still), 一...就 (as soon as).
对于中文学习者来说,Formal Connectors(书面连接词)是一个非常重要的语法概念。这是 B2(中高级)级别的学习内容。Written/formal linking: 因此 (therefore), 然而 (however), 此外 (furthermore), 尽管 (despite), 由于 (due to), 从而 (thereby).
C1 (8)
掌握中文的Classical Chinese Elements(文言成分)是有效沟通的基础要素之一。这是 C1(高级)级别的学习内容。Classical elements in modern Chinese: 之 (的), 于 (在/对), 以 (用), 而 (and/but), 所 (that which). Common in formal writing, idioms, names.
对于中文学习者来说,Formal Written Style(书面语)是一个非常重要的语法概念。这是 C1(高级)级别的学习内容。Written register: 将 (把 formal), 予以 (give), 进行 (carry out), 加以 (apply), 予 (give). More classical elements, longer sentences.
在中文学习中,Four-Character Idioms(成语)是语法学习中的关键内容。这是 C1(高级)级别的学习内容。Chengyu (成语): fixed four-character expressions with classical origins. Often allusive, metaphorical. Essential for advanced fluency: 一举两得 (kill two birds with one stone).
学习中文时,Rhetorical Patterns(修辞手法)是语言基础的重要组成部分。这是 C1(高级)级别的学习内容。Rhetorical devices: parallelism (对仗), rhetorical questions, emphatic constructions, formal closings. Used in speeches, essays, formal writing.
在中文学习中,Business Chinese(商务中文)是语法学习中的关键内容。这是 C1(高级)级别的学习内容。Business vocabulary and structures: 合同 (contract), 谈判 (negotiate), 投资 (invest). Formal email/letter conventions, meeting language.
学习中文时,Internet Language(网络语言)是语言基础的重要组成部分。这是 C1(高级)级别的学习内容。Online Chinese: 666 (amazing), 233 (laughing), 不明觉厉 (abbreviations), homophone puns, number-based expressions. Rapidly evolving vocabulary.
中文的Abstract Grammar Patterns(抽象语法)在日常交流中扮演着重要角色。这是 C1(高级)级别的学习内容。Advanced patterns: 以...为 (take...as), 有所 (have some), 加以 (apply to), 之所以...是因为 (the reason why...is because). Formal writing essentials.
掌握中文的Colloquial Patterns(口语表达)是有效沟通的基础要素之一。这是 C1(高级)级别的学习内容。Spoken-only patterns: 什么什么的 (and so on), V着V着 (while V-ing), 好不容易 (with great difficulty), 怎么着 (what/so what), 得了 (that's enough).
C2 (6)
中文的Classical Chinese Basics(文言文基础)在日常交流中扮演着重要角色。这是 C2(精通)级别的学习内容。Literary Chinese (文言文) fundamentals: different grammar, vocabulary, one-character words. Reading classical texts, poetry, and historical documents.
掌握中文的Dialect Awareness(方言意识)是有效沟通的基础要素之一。这是 C2(精通)级别的学习内容。Major dialect groups: Cantonese (粤语), Wu (吴语/Shanghai), Min (闽语/Hokkien), Hakka (客家). Understanding regional variation, loanwords, influence on Mandarin.
对于中文学习者来说,News and Official Style(新闻公文语体)是一个非常重要的语法概念。这是 C2(精通)级别的学习内容。Journalistic and official Chinese: headline conventions, passive voice, formal vocabulary, political terminology. Reading news, government documents.
在中文学习中,Proverbs and Sayings(谚语俗语)是语法学习中的关键内容。这是 C2(精通)级别的学习内容。Folk sayings (谚语), colloquial idioms (俗语), two-part allegorical sayings (歇后语). Cultural wisdom embedded in language.
对于中文学习者来说,Literary Chinese Advanced(文言文进阶)是一个非常重要的语法概念。这是 C2(精通)级别的学习内容。Advanced literary Chinese: archaic negation (未/勿/莫/毋), interrogative particles (乎/哉/耶), sentence-final particles (矣/焉), and classical conditionals.
在中文学习中,Register Switching(语体转换)是语法学习中的关键内容。这是 C2(精通)级别的学习内容。Mastering register shifts: 书面语 vs 口语, formal vs colloquial vocabulary pairs, adjusting style for audience and context. Key pairs: 可以/行, 非常/特别.
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