스와힐리어 문법

스와힐리어에서 Personal Pronouns(Viwakilishi vya Nafsi)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Independent personal pronouns: mimi (I), wewe (you), yeye (he/she), sisi (we), ninyi (you pl.), wao (they). Used for emphasis; subject is usually marked on the verb.

스와힐리어에서 Noun Class 1/2: M-/Wa- (People)(Ngeli ya M-/Wa- (Watu))은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. The most common noun class for people. Singular prefix m-/mw-, plural wa-. Examples: mtu/watu (person/people), mwalimu/walimu (teacher/teachers). Agreement affects verbs, adjectives, and pronouns.

스와힐리어에서 Noun Class 3/4: M-/Mi- (Trees/Plants/Objects)(Ngeli ya M-/Mi- (Miti/Vitu))은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Noun class for trees, plants, and some objects. Singular m-/mw-, plural mi-. Examples: mti/miti (tree/trees), mkate/mikate (bread/breads). Different agreement patterns from class 1/2.

스와힐리어에서 Noun Class 7/8: Ki-/Vi- (Things/Tools)(Ngeli ya Ki-/Vi- (Vitu))은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Class for tools, objects, languages, and diminutives. Singular ki-/ch-, plural vi-/vy-. Examples: kiti/viti (chair/chairs), kitabu/vitabu (book/books), Kiswahili (the Swahili language).

스와힐리어에서 Noun Class 9/10: N- (Animals/Borrowed Words)(Ngeli ya N- (Wanyama/Maneno ya Kukopa))은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Class for animals, many borrowed words, and some abstract nouns. Same form for singular and plural. Prefixes: n-/m-/ny- or zero prefix. Examples: nyumba (house/houses), ndege (bird/birds).

스와힐리어에서 Greetings and Polite Expressions(Salamu na Maneno ya Heshima)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Essential Swahili greetings varying by time of day and formality: habari (news/how are you), shikamoo (respectful to elders), karibu (welcome), asante (thanks), tafadhali (please).

스와힐리어에서 Present Tense (-na-)(Wakati Uliopo (-na-))은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Present tense formed with subject prefix + -na- + verb root. Subject prefixes: ni- (I), u- (you), a- (he/she), tu- (we), m- (you pl.), wa- (they). Indicates ongoing action.

스와힐리어에서 To Be (Ni/Si, Kuwa)(Kuwa (Ni/Si))은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. The copula 'to be': ni (is/am/are, affirmative), si (is not). For past and future, use kuwa with tense markers. Ni links subject and predicate directly without conjugation.

스와힐리어에서 Existential (Kuna/Hakuna)(Kuna/Hakuna)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Kuna(있다/존재한다)와 hakuna(없다/존재하지 않는다)는 존재를 나타냅니다. 위치 표현과 함께 사용됩니다. Hakuna matata는 '걱정 없다 / 문제없다'를 의미합니다.

스와힐리어에서 Possessive -a of Association(-a ya Uhusiano)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Possession expressed with -a agreeing with the noun class of the possessed noun: wa (class 1), ya (class 9), cha (class 7), etc. Links possessor and possessed.

스와힐리어에서 Adjective Agreement with Noun Classes(Upatanisho wa Vivumishi na Ngeli)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Adjectives agree with the noun class of the noun they modify, taking the class prefix: mtu mzuri (good person), kitu kizuri (good thing), nyumba nzuri (good house).

스와힐리어에서 Numbers and Counting(Nambari na Kuhesabu)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Swahili numbers: moja (1), mbili (2), tatu (3), nne (4), tano (5), sita (6), saba (7), nane (8), tisa (9), kumi (10). Numbers 1-5 and 8 agree with noun class.

스와힐리어에서 Question Words(Maneno ya Kuuliza)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Question words: nani (who), nini (what), wapi (where), lini (when), kwa nini (why), vipi/jinsi gani (how), ngapi (how many). Questions often keep the same word order as statements.

스와힐리어에서 Negation (Ha-/-i)(Ukanushi (Ha-/-i))은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Negation uses the prefix ha- combined with modified subject prefixes: si- (I don't), hu- (you don't), ha- (he/she doesn't), hatu- (we don't). Present negative also adds -i ending.

스와힐리어에서 Demonstratives (This/That/That Over There)(Vionyeshi)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Three-way demonstrative system agreeing with noun class: h- prefix (this, near), h-o (that, near listener), -le (that, far). Examples: huyu/huyo/yule (class 1), hiki/hicho/kile (class 7).

스와힐리어에서 Basic Prepositions(Vihusishi vya Msingi)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Common prepositions: katika/ndani ya (in), juu ya (on/above), chini ya (under), mbele ya (in front of), nyuma ya (behind), kati ya (between), karibu na (near).

스와힐리어에서 Family Members(Wanafamilia)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Family vocabulary: baba (father), mama (mother), kaka/ndugu (brother), dada (sister), babu (grandfather), bibi/nyanya (grandmother), mtoto (child), mke/mume (wife/husband).

스와힐리어에서 Food and Drink(Chakula na Vinywaji)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Common foods and drinks: chai (tea), kahawa (coffee), maji (water), wali (rice), nyama (meat), samaki (fish), matunda (fruits), mboga (vegetables), ugali (maize porridge).

스와힐리어에서 Body Parts(Viungo vya Mwili)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Body parts: kichwa (head), mkono (arm/hand), mguu (leg/foot), jicho/macho (eye/eyes), sikio/masikio (ear/ears), mdomo (mouth), tumbo (stomach), moyo (heart).

스와힐리어에서 Common Verbs(Vitenzi vya Kawaida)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Essential everyday verbs: -enda (go), -ja/kuja (come), -la/kula (eat), -nywa (drink), -soma (read/study), -andika (write), -lala (sleep), -amka (wake up), -penda (love/like).

스와힐리어에서 Daily Activities and Routines(Shughuli za Kila Siku)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Daily routine vocabulary: kuamka (to wake up), kuoga (to bathe), kupika (to cook), kufanya kazi (to work), kurudi (to return), kupumzika (to rest), kulala (to sleep).

스와힐리어에서 Animals(Wanyama)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Common animals: simba (lion), tembo/ndovu (elephant), ng'ombe (cow), kuku (chicken), mbwa (dog), paka (cat), nyoka (snake), samaki (fish), ndege (bird).

스와힐리어에서 Weather and Nature(Hali ya Hewa na Mazingira)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Weather and nature: jua (sun), mvua (rain), upepo (wind), mawingu (clouds), joto (hot), baridi (cold), mti (tree), bahari (sea/ocean), mto (river).

스와힐리어에서 Possessive Pronouns(Viwakilishi vya Kumiliki)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Possessive pronouns agree with noun class: -angu (my), -ako (your), -ake (his/her), -etu (our), -enu (your pl.), -ao (their). Class agreement: kitabu changu, nyumba yangu, watoto wangu.

스와힐리어에서 Time and Days(Wakati na Siku)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Days of the week: Jumatatu (Monday), Jumanne (Tuesday), Jumatano (Wednesday), Alhamisi (Thursday), Ijumaa (Friday), Jumamosi (Saturday), Jumapili (Sunday). Time: saa (hour/clock), asubuhi (morning), mchana (afternoon), jioni (evening), usiku (night).

스와힐리어에서 Colors(Rangi)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Colors (some are adjectives agreeing with noun class, others are invariable nouns): -eupe (white), -eusi (black), -ekundu (red), -a kijani (green), -a buluu (blue), -a njano (yellow).

스와힐리어에서 Health and Feelings(Afya na Hisia)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Basic health and emotion vocabulary: mgonjwa (sick), -zima (healthy), furaha (happiness), huzuni (sadness), -choka (tired), njaa (hunger), kiu (thirst), maumivu (pain).

스와힐리어에서 Occupations(Kazi na Taaluma)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Common occupations (mostly M-/Wa- class): mwalimu (teacher), daktari (doctor), mfanyakazi (worker), mkulima (farmer), muuza (seller), dereva (driver), mpishi (cook), fundi (craftsman).

스와힐리어에서 Clothing and Shopping(Mavazi na Ununuzi)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Clothing: nguo (clothes), shati (shirt), suruali (pants), viatu (shoes), kofia (hat), kanga (cloth wrap). Shopping: -nunua (buy), -uza (sell), bei (price), duka (shop).

스와힐리어에서 Transportation(Usafiri)은(는) A1 (초급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Transport vocabulary: gari (car), basi (bus), pikipiki (motorcycle), baisikeli (bicycle), ndege (airplane), meli (ship), treni (train), daladala (minibus). Verbs: -safiri (travel), -endesha (drive).

스와힐리어에서 Past Tense (-li-)(Wakati Uliopita (-li-))은(는) A2 (초중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Past tense formed with subject prefix + -li- + verb root. Indicates completed action: nilisoma (I read/studied), alikuja (he/she came). Negative past uses -ku-: sikusoma (I did not read).

스와힐리어에서 Perfect Tense (-me-)(Wakati Timilifu (-me-))은(는) A2 (초중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Perfect tense with -me- indicates a completed action with present relevance: nimekula (I have eaten), amefika (he/she has arrived). Negative: -ja- (not yet): sijala (I have not yet eaten).

스와힐리어에서 Future Tense (-ta-)(Wakati Ujao (-ta-))은(는) A2 (초중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Future tense formed with subject prefix + -ta- + verb root: nitasoma (I will read), atakuja (he/she will come). Negative: hata-: sitasoma (I will not read).

스와힐리어에서 Object Infixes(Viambishi vya Yambwa)은(는) A2 (초중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Object pronouns are infixed in the verb between tense marker and root: -ni- (me), -ku- (you), -m-/-mw- (him/her), -tu- (us), -wa- (them). Example: anani-penda (he/she loves me).

스와힐리어에서 Locative Suffix -ni(Kiambishi cha Mahali -ni)은(는) A2 (초중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. The suffix -ni added to nouns indicates 'at/in/to a place': nyumba → nyumbani (at home), shule → shuleni (at school), mji → mjini (in town). Creates locative nouns from regular nouns.

스와힐리어에서 Conjunctions and Connectors(Viunganishi)은(는) A2 (초중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Common conjunctions: na (and), au (or), lakini (but), kwa sababu (because), kwa hiyo (therefore), ingawa (although), pia (also). Na is the most frequent connector.

스와힐리어에서 Possessive Constructions (-enye/-enyewe)(Miundo ya Umiliki)은(는) A2 (초중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Advanced possessives: mwenyewe (himself/herself/the owner), -enye (having/possessing): mwenye nyumba (house owner), wenye nguvu (those with power). Emphatic: mimi mwenyewe (I myself).

스와힐리어에서 Comparisons and Superlatives(Ulinganisho na Upeo)은(는) A2 (초중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. kuliko(~보다 더), zaidi(더), sana(매우)를 사용한 비교. 최상급: -a kwanza 또는 kuliko wote(모든 것 중에서 가장). 동등 비교: kama(~처럼), sawa na(~와 같은).

스와힐리어에서 Modal Verbs (Can/Must/Should)(Vitenzi vya Hali (Weza/Lazima/Pasa))은(는) A2 (초중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Modal constructions: -weza (can/be able), lazima (must), -pasa/-bidi (should/ought), -taka (want), -hitaji (need). Lazima takes subjunctive; -weza conjugates normally.

스와힐리어에서 Reflexive Prefix (-ji-)(Kiambishi cha Kujirejea (-ji-))은(는) A2 (초중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Reflexive infix -ji- placed before the verb root indicates action on oneself: -jifunza (teach oneself/learn), -jiuliza (ask oneself), -jisikia (feel), -jiandikisha (register oneself).

스와힐리어에서 Adverbs of Manner and Degree(Vielezi vya Namna na Kiasi)은(는) A2 (초중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Common adverbs: vizuri (well), vibaya (badly), sana (very/a lot), kidogo (a little), haraka (quickly), pole pole (slowly), kabisa (completely/totally), tu (only/just).

스와힐리어에서 Places and Directions(Maeneo na Maelekezo)은(는) A2 (초중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Places: hospitali (hospital), duka (shop), kanisa (church), msikiti (mosque), benki (bank), ofisi (office). Directions: kulia (right), kushoto (left), mbele (ahead), nyuma (behind), moja kwa moja (straight).

스와힐리어에서 Habitual Tense (Hu-)(Wakati wa Mazoea (Hu-))은(는) B1 (중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. The hu- tense marker indicates habitual or general truth actions without a subject prefix: husoma (one usually reads), hula (one usually eats). Used for proverbs, routines, and general statements.

스와힐리어에서 Imperative and Subjunctive Commands(Amri na Hali ya Kutaka)은(는) B1 (중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Simple commands use the verb root: soma! (read!). Polite/subjunctive commands use subject prefix + verb root + -e: usome (you should read), tuende (let's go). Negative: usi- prefix.

스와힐리어에서 Remaining Noun Classes (5/6, 11/10, 15, 16-18)(Ngeli Zilizobaki)은(는) B1 (중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Less common noun classes: 5/6 ji-/ma- (fruits, augmentatives), 11/10 u- (abstract, thin objects), 15 ku- (infinitives/verbal nouns), 16-18 pa-/ku-/mu- (locative classes).

스와힐리어에서 Relative Clauses (-ye-/-o-/-cho- etc.)(Sentensi Rejeshi)은(는) B1 (중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Relative clauses formed with relative markers infixed in the verb or using amba- + relative pronoun. The relative marker agrees with the noun class: -ye- (class 1), -cho- (class 7), -yo- (class 9).

스와힐리어에서 Conditional (-nge-/-ngali-)(Hali ya Masharti (-nge-/-ngali-))은(는) B1 (중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Conditional tense with -nge- (present hypothetical) and -ngali- (past hypothetical). Ningejua = I would know; ningalijua = I would have known. Used in if-then constructions with kama (if).

스와힐리어에서 Passive Voice (-w-/-liw-/-ew-)(Kauli ya Kutendwa)은(는) B1 (중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Passive formed by adding -w- before the final vowel: penda → pendwa (be loved), soma → somwa (be read). Bantu vowel harmony applies: -iw-/-ew-/-liw-/-lew-.

스와힐리어에서 Applied/Prepositional Extension (-i-/-e-/-li-/-le-)(Kauli ya Kutendea)은(는) B1 (중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. The applied (prepositional) verb extension adds a beneficiary, purpose, or direction: pika → pikia (cook for), soma → somea (read to/for). Replaces some preposition uses.

스와힐리어에서 Stative Extension (-ik-/-ek-)(Kauli ya Hali (-ik-/-ek-))은(는) B1 (중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Stative extension indicates possibility or a state: vunja → vunjika (be breakable/get broken), soma → someka (be readable). Often translates as 'can be' or passive-like meaning.

스와힐리어에서 Subjunctive Mood (-e ending)(Hali ya Kutaka (-e))은(는) B1 (중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Subjunctive formed by changing the final -a to -e: asome (that he/she read), tufanye (that we do). Used after lazima (must), ili (so that), kabla (before), and for polite requests.

스와힐리어에서 Advanced Comparisons (Kadri/Kiasi)(Ulinganisho wa Juu)은(는) B1 (중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Complex comparisons: kadri...ndivyo (the more...the more), kiasi cha (to the extent of), zaidi ya (more than). Proportional and degree comparisons for sophisticated expression.

스와힐리어에서 Temporal Clauses (When/Before/After)(Vishazi vya Wakati)은(는) B1 (중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Time clauses: wakati (when/while), kabla ya (before), baada ya (after), tangu (since), mpaka/hadi (until). Often combined with infinitive (ku-) or relative constructions.

스와힐리어에서 Compound Tenses (Kuwa + Tense)(Nyakati za Pamoja)은(는) B1 (중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Compound tenses using kuwa (to be) + second verb: alikuwa anasoma (was reading, past continuous), atakuwa amefika (will have arrived, future perfect). Creates nuanced time references.

스와힐리어에서 If-Clauses (Kama/Ikiwa)(Vishazi vya Masharti (Kama/Ikiwa))은(는) B1 (중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Real conditional with kama/ikiwa (if) + indicative tense: kama utasoma, utafaulu (if you study, you will pass). Distinguished from hypothetical -nge-/-ngali- conditionals at B1 level.

스와힐리어에서 Infinitive and Verbal Nouns (Ku-)(Kitenzi Jina (Ku-))은(는) B1 (중급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Infinitive prefix ku-: kusoma (to read/reading), kufanya (to do/doing). Functions as noun (class 15), subject, or object. Used after modal verbs, prepositions, and in purpose clauses.

스와힐리어에서 Reciprocal Extension (-an-)(Kauli ya Kutendana (-an-))은(는) B2 (중상급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Reciprocal extension indicates mutual action: penda → pendana (love each other), ona → onana (see each other). Can combine with other extensions for complex meanings.

스와힐리어에서 Causative Extension (-ish-/-esh-/-z-)(Kauli ya Kusababisha)은(는) B2 (중상급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Causative extension indicates 'cause to do': pika → pikisha (cause to cook/have cooked), enda → endesha (drive, lit. cause to go). Highly productive in Swahili.

스와힐리어에서 Combined Verb Extensions(Viambishi vya Pamoja)은(는) B2 (중상급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Multiple extensions can combine on a single verb in a fixed order (applied > causative > reciprocal > passive > stative): pendana → pendanisha (cause to love each other).

스와힐리어에서 Reported Speech(Usemi wa Taarifa)은(는) B2 (중상급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Indirect speech introduced by kwamba/kuwa (that). Tense shifts from direct speech: -na- may become -li- or remain. Verbs of saying: alisema (said), aliambia (told), alidai (claimed).

스와힐리어에서 Consecutive/Narrative Tense (-ka-)(Wakati wa Mfuatano (-ka-))은(는) B2 (중상급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. The -ka- tense marker indicates a sequence of events (and then). Used in narratives after an initial tense is established: alikuja akakaa akaondoka (he came, then sat, then left).

스와힐리어에서 Situational/Temporal -ki- and Conditional Kama(Hali ya Wakati (-ki-) na Masharti (Kama))은(는) B2 (중상급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. The -ki- tense indicates simultaneity (when/while/if): akisoma (when/if he reads). Used for background events and general conditions. Combines with kama for emphasis.

스와힐리어에서 Reversive Extension (-u-/-o-)(Kauli ya Kurudisha (-u-/-o-))은(는) B2 (중상급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Reversive extension reverses an action: funga → fungua (lock → unlock), ziba → zibua (block → unblock), jenga → jengua (build → demolish). Highly productive in Swahili.

스와힐리어에서 Contact/Tenacious Extension (-at-/-an-)(Kauli ya Kushikamana)은(는) B2 (중상급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Contact extension indicates persistence or holding onto: shika → shikana (hold each other), kamata → kamatana (catch each other/cling). Often combines with reciprocal for mutual sustained action.

스와힐리어에서 Relative of Time (-po-/-lipo-)(Rejeshi ya Wakati (-po-))은(는) B2 (중상급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Temporal relative marker -po- (when): nilipofika (when I arrived), atakapokuja (when he/she comes). Three forms: -po- (definite time), -ko- (indefinite), -mo- (inside/within).

스와힐리어에서 Complex Passive and Impersonal Constructions(Kauli ya Kutendwa Changamano)은(는) B2 (중상급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Impersonal passives, double passives, and passives with verb extensions: inaaminika (it is believed), inasemekana (it is said), imefanywa vizuri (it has been done well).

스와힐리어에서 Advanced Noun Derivation (U-/Ma-/Ki- Abstract)(Uundaji wa Majina ya Hali)은(는) C1 (고급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. 동사/형용사에서 파생된 추상 명사: u- 접두사는 성질을 나타냅니다(uzuri = 아름다움, -zuri에서), ma- 는 집합/결과(maisha = 삶), ki- 는 방식(kizuri = 아름답게)을 나타냅니다.

스와힐리어에서 Complex Relative Constructions(Sentensi Rejeshi Changamano)은(는) C1 (고급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Nested relative clauses, negative relatives (-siye-, -sicho- etc.), and relative of manner. Amba- construction for complex or formal relatives: ambaye, ambayo, ambacho, etc.

스와힐리어에서 Formal and Academic Register(Lugha ya Rasmi na Kitaaluma)은(는) C1 (고급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Formal Swahili used in academic writing, news, and official documents. Features longer sentences, Arabic/English loanwords, passive constructions, and complex subordination.

스와힐리어에서 Proverbs and Idiomatic Expressions(Methali na Nahau)은(는) C1 (고급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Swahili is rich in proverbs (methali) used in daily speech. Understanding them is essential for cultural fluency. Many use archaic or poetic language forms.

스와힐리어에서 Advanced Tense-Aspect Combinations(Mchanganyiko wa Nyakati na Hali)은(는) C1 (고급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Combining tense markers with auxiliary kuwa (to be) for complex time references: alikuwa anasoma (he was reading), atakuwa amesoma (he will have read). Sequence of tenses in complex sentences.

스와힐리어에서 Swahili Poetry Forms (Utenzi/Shairi)(Ushairi wa Kiswahili)은(는) C1 (고급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. 고전 스와힐리 시: 우텐지(서사시, 4행 연, 행당 8음절), 샤이리(내부 운율이 있는 4행 연), 윔보(노래). 엄격한 운율, 각운 체계, 전통적인 주제.

스와힐리어에서 Media and Newspaper Language(Lugha ya Vyombo vya Habari)은(는) C1 (고급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Journalistic Swahili: compressed headlines, passive constructions, attribution formulas, political vocabulary. Both Tanzanian and Kenyan media traditions with their distinct registers.

스와힐리어에서 Religious and Spiritual Register(Lugha ya Dini na Imani)은(는) C1 (고급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Religious Swahili draws heavily from Arabic (Islamic) and English (Christian) vocabulary: dua/sala (prayer), Mungu/Allah (God), dhambi (sin), toba (repentance), baraka (blessing), ibada (worship).

스와힐리어에서 Advanced Discourse Cohesion(Uunganishaji wa Matini)은(는) C1 (고급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Complex text connectors: hata hivyo (however), kwa upande mwingine (on the other hand), kwa ufupi (in short), zaidi ya hayo (moreover), kwa mfano (for example), kwa ujumla (in general).

스와힐리어에서 Literary and Classical Swahili(Kiswahili cha Fasihi na Zamani)은(는) C2 (최고급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Classical Swahili poetry (utenzi, shairi) features archaic vocabulary, Arabic-influenced forms, and strict meter/rhyme. Understanding literary Swahili opens access to centuries of coastal East African literature.

스와힐리어에서 Regional and Dialectal Variation(Tofauti za Kimaeneo na Kilahaja)은(는) C2 (최고급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Differences between standard Swahili (based on Kiunguja/Zanzibar) and regional varieties: Kimvita (Mombasa), Kiamu (Lamu), Kingwana (Congo), and Tanzanian vs. Kenyan usage.

스와힐리어에서 Bureaucratic and Legal Language(Lugha ya Kisheria na Kiserikali)은(는) C2 (최고급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Swahili as used in government, law, and administration. Heavy use of passive constructions, Arabic-derived legal terms, and complex subordinate clauses. Tanzania uses Swahili officially in courts and parliament.

스와힐리어에서 Colloquial and Youth Register (Sheng/Slang)(Lugha ya Mitaani na Vijana (Sheng))은(는) C2 (최고급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Sheng (Swahili-English-indigenous mix from Nairobi), bongo flava slang (Tanzania), and SMS/social media language. Rapid evolution makes this register challenging for non-native speakers.

스와힐리어에서 Coastal Culture and Maritime Vocabulary(Utamaduni wa Pwani na Maneno ya Bahari)은(는) C2 (최고급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Swahili coastal cultural vocabulary: dhow (sailing vessel), dau (small boat), biashara (trade), bandari (harbor), monsuni (monsoon). Reflects centuries of Indian Ocean trade.

스와힐리어에서 Modern Neologisms and Technology(Maneno Mapya na Teknolojia)은(는) C2 (최고급) 수준의 문법 개념입니다. Modern coinages and technology terms: tarakilishi (computer, from Arabic), tovuti (website), simu ya mkononi (mobile phone), mtandao (network/internet), programu (software/app), data (data).