Numeral Declension in Russian
Склонение числительных
Overview
Russian numbers are not just words -- they are fully declinable, changing form across all six cases. At the B1 level, learning numeral declension is important for constructing grammatically correct sentences where numbers appear after prepositions, as indirect objects, or in other oblique case positions. While nominative and accusative numbers are learned at A1-A2, oblique cases are a B1 challenge.
The declension patterns vary by number type: один declines like an adjective, два/три/четыре have their own special pattern, and numbers 5-20 decline like soft-stem feminine nouns. Compound numbers (двадцать один) require each component to decline separately, which creates complex forms in oblique cases.
In practice, many Russians simplify or avoid some of the more complex declined number forms in casual speech. However, in formal writing and careful speech, correct numeral declension is expected and marks educated language use.
How It Works
Один (One) -- Declines Like an Adjective
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nom | один | одна | одно |
| Gen | одного | одной | одного |
| Dat | одному | одной | одному |
| Acc | одного/один | одну | одно |
| Inst | одним | одной | одним |
| Prep | одном | одной | одном |
Два/Три/Четыре -- Special Pattern
| Case | Два | Три | Четыре |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nom | два/две | три | четыре |
| Gen | двух | трёх | четырёх |
| Dat | двум | трём | четырём |
| Acc | двух/два | трёх/три | четырёх/четыре |
| Inst | двумя | тремя | четырьмя |
| Prep | двух | трёх | четырёх |
Пять-Двадцать -- Like Soft-Stem Feminine Nouns
| Case | Пять | Десять |
|---|---|---|
| Nom | пять | десять |
| Gen | пяти | десяти |
| Dat | пяти | десяти |
| Acc | пять | десять |
| Inst | пятью | десятью |
| Prep | пяти | десяти |
Compound Numbers
Each part declines separately: двадцать один → двадцати одному (dative)
Examples in Context
| Russian | English | Note |
|---|---|---|
| с одним другом, с двумя друзьями | with one friend, with two friends | Instrumental |
| без трёх рублей | minus three rubles | Genitive |
| о пяти студентах | about five students | Prepositional |
| на двадцати страницах | on twenty pages | Prepositional |
| к двум часам | by two o'clock | Dative |
| с пятью детьми | with five children | Instrumental |
| одному из студентов | to one of the students | Dative |
| в четырёх комнатах | in four rooms | Prepositional |
| между двумя домами | between two houses | Instrumental |
| к трём часам | by three o'clock | Dative |
Common Mistakes
Not declining numbers in oblique cases
- Wrong: с пять друзьями
- Right: с пятью друзьями
- Why: Numbers must decline when they appear in oblique case positions (after prepositions, as indirect objects, etc.).
Forgetting to decline all parts of compound numbers
- Wrong: с двадцать одним рублём
- Right: с двадцатью одним рублём
- Why: In compound numbers, each component declines separately.
Mixing up два/две in oblique cases
- Wrong: Using gendered forms in oblique cases (oblique forms are the same for all genders)
- Right: Двух, двум, двумя -- these are gender-neutral
- Why: The masculine/feminine distinction (два/две) exists only in nominative and accusative; oblique cases have a single form.
Practice Tips
- Focus on the most common oblique situations: с + instrumental (с двумя), без + genitive (без трёх), о + prepositional (о пяти).
- Practice time expressions that require dative: к двум часам, к пяти часам, к десяти часам.
Related Concepts
- Prerequisite: Numbers 20-1000+ -- know number vocabulary before declining
Prerequisite
Numbers 20-1000+ in RussianA1More B1 concepts
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