Word Formation

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รัสเซียСловообразование
B2Productive patterns: prefixes (пере-, вы-, за-, при-), suffixes (-ость, -ник, -тель, -ние), compound words. Understanding new words through morphological analysis.
ตุรกีİleri Düzey Sözcük Yapısı
C1Productive derivational suffixes: -lik/-lık (abstract nouns), -ci/-cı (agent), -siz/-sız (without), -li/-lı (with). Building complex words from roots.
โปแลนด์Słowotwórstwo
C1Productive derivation patterns: -ość (abstract nouns), -ny/-ni (adjectives from verbs), -ciel/-ca (agent nouns), -stwo (state/domain).
เช็กSlovotvorba
C1Productive derivation patterns: -ost (abstract nouns), -ný/-ní (adjectives from verbs), -tel (agent nouns), -ství (state/domain).
ฮังการีSzóképzés
C1Derivational suffixes: -ság/-ség (abstract), -ás/-és (action noun), -ó/-ő (agent), -tlan/-tlen (without), -ható/-hető (able).
ฮิบรูגזירת מילים מתקדמת
C1Word derivation: prefix/suffix patterns, loan integration, blends, abbreviations (ראשי תיבות). How Hebrew creates new words.
อินโดนีเซียKata Serapan dan Pembentukan Kata
C1Borrowed vocabulary from Sanskrit, Arabic, Dutch, Portuguese, English. Understanding etymological layers aids formal vocabulary: Malay, Sanskrit, Arabic, European.
ยูเครนСловотвір
C1Productive derivation patterns: -ість (abstract nouns), -ний/-ній (adjectives from verbs), -тель/-ник (agent nouns), -ство (state/domain).
เปอร์เซียواژه‌سازی و اشتقاق
C1Persian word formation patterns: prefixes (نا nā- negation, هم ham- co-/fellow), suffixes (-گاه -gāh place, -مند -mand possessing, -بان -bān keeper). Compound nouns and denominal verbs.
อูรดูلفظ سازی اور اشتقاق
C1Urdu word formation using Perso-Arabic and native patterns: prefixes بے- be- (without), نا- nā- (un-/not), بد- bad- (bad); suffixes -دار -dār (holder), -گاہ -gāh (place), -ناک -nāk (full of). Productive patterns for creating new words.
บาสก์Hitz Eraketa eta Deribazioa
B2Productive word formation: suffix -tasun (quality: edertasuna = beauty), -garri (adjective: interesgarria = interesting), -tzaile (agent: irakaslea = teacher), -keria (pejorative), compound words.
เมารีKupu Āhua Hohonu
B2Māori creates new words through compounding: whare + pukapuka = wharepukapuka (library), waka + rererangi = waka rererangi (airplane). Reduplication adds intensity or repetition.
ฮาวายHoʻoulu Hua ʻŌlelo
B2Hawaiian creates new words through compounding: hale + kūʻai = hale kūʻai (store), wai + honua = waihona (repository). Reduplication adds intensity or plurality: nani → naninani (very beautiful).
คาตาลันCombinacions Avançades de Pronoms Febles
C1Complex pronoun combinations and their written forms: me la, te'ls, ens ho, els hi, se'ls. Includes reductions and the full apostrophe/hyphen rules for written Catalan.

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