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9种语言

西班牙语Pretérito Perfecto

A2Compound past tense with haber (he, has, ha, hemos, habéis, han) + past participle (-ado/-ido). For past actions with present relevance. More common in Spain than Latin America.

法语Passé Composé

A2Compound past tense with auxiliary (avoir or être) + past participle. Most verbs use avoir. DR MRS VANDERTRAMP verbs and reflexives use être (participle agrees with subject).

意大利语Passato Prossimo

A2Compound past tense formed with auxiliary verb (avere or essere) plus past participle. Verbs of motion and reflexive verbs use essere and require participle agreement.

葡萄牙语Pretérito Perfeito Simples

A2Simple past for completed actions. Regular endings: -AR (-ei, -aste, -ou, -ámos, -astes, -aram), -ER/-IR (-i, -este, -eu/-iu, -emos/-imos, -estes/-istes, -eram/-iram).

荷兰语Voltooid Tegenwoordige Tijd

A2Perfect tense formed with hebben/zijn + past participle. Regular participles: ge- + stem + -t/-d (t-kofschip rule). Many verbs use zijn (motion, change of state). Participle goes to end.

波斯语ماضی نقلی

A2Formed with past participle (past stem + ه -e) + بودن enclitic (am, i, ast, im, id, and). Indicates completed action with present relevance: رفته‌ام rafte-am (I have gone). Also used for reported/hearsay past.

乌尔都语حال مکمل

B1Formed with past participle (verb stem + ا/ی/ے) + ہونا present auxiliary. Follows ergative pattern for transitive verbs. میں نے کتاب پڑھی ہے (I have read the book).

加泰罗尼亚语Perfet d'Indicatiu

A2Compound past with haver + past participle: he cantat, has cantat, ha cantat... Used for recent past or present-relevant past. Past participle agrees with preceding direct object pronoun in formal register.

英语Present Perfect Simple

A2Present perfect (have/has + past participle) for life experiences, recent past with present relevance, unfinished time periods. With ever, never, just, already, yet.

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