อดีตกาล

26 ภาษา

สเปนPretérito Indefinido
A2Simple past for completed actions at a specific time. Regular endings: -AR (-é, -aste, -ó, -amos, -asteis, -aron), -ER/-IR (-í, -iste, -ió, -imos, -isteis, -ieron). Many irregular verbs.
ฝรั่งเศสPassé Composé
A2Compound past tense with auxiliary (avoir or être) + past participle. Most verbs use avoir. DR MRS VANDERTRAMP verbs and reflexives use être (participle agrees with subject).
เยอรมันPerfekt mit haben
A2Forming the perfect tense with haben + past participle for most verbs.
อิตาลีPassato Prossimo
A2Compound past tense formed with auxiliary verb (avere or essere) plus past participle. Verbs of motion and reflexive verbs use essere and require participle agreement.
โปรตุเกสPretérito Perfeito Simples
A2Simple past for completed actions. Regular endings: -AR (-ei, -aste, -ou, -ámos, -astes, -aram), -ER/-IR (-i, -este, -eu/-iu, -emos/-imos, -estes/-istes, -eram/-iram).
เกาหลี과거 시제
A1Past tense: stem + 았 (after ㅏ/ㅗ) or 었 (other), then add speech level ending. 하다→했. Same vowel harmony as polite ending.
อาหรับالفعل الماضي
A1Perfect/past tense: completed actions. Base form is 3rd person masculine singular. Conjugation by suffix: كتب (he wrote), كتبتُ (I wrote), كتبوا (they wrote).
รัสเซียПрошедшее время
A2Past formed from infinitive stem + -л: masc -л, fem -ла, neut -ло, plural -ли. Agrees with subject in gender/number, not person. Быть: был/была/было/были.
ดัตช์Onvoltooid Verleden Tijd
B1Simple past (imperfectum) for past states, habits, and narrative. Regular: stem + -te(n)/-de(n) (t-kofschip rule). Irregular verbs have vowel change. Used in formal/written Dutch and storytelling.
ตุรกีGeçmiş Zaman (-di'li)
A2The definite past tense (-di/-dı/-du/-dü with consonant harmony -ti/-tı/-tu/-tü) for witnessed or certain past events.
โปแลนด์Czas Przeszły
A2Past tense formed with -ł/-ła/-ło/-li/-ły + personal endings. Gender and number distinction: on pisał, ona pisała, oni pisali.
กรีกΑόριστος
A2Simple past (aorist) for completed actions. Two types: sigmatic (-σα) and non-sigmatic. Irregular verbs common.
เช็กMinulý Čas
A2Past tense: l-participle + auxiliary (in 1st/2nd person). Gender/number: on psal, ona psala, oni psali. 3rd person drops auxiliary.
โรมาเนียPerfectul Compus
A2Main past tense using auxiliary 'a avea' + past participle. Most common past tense in spoken Romanian.
ฮังการีMúlt Idő
A2Past tense with -t/-tt suffix, both definite and indefinite conjugations. Some verbs have irregular past stems.
ฮิบรูעבר - בניין פעל
A2Past tense: person/gender suffixes on root. כתבתי, כתבת, כתב, כתבה, כתבנו, כתבתם, כתבו. Root consonants may change.
ยูเครนМинулий Час
A2Past tense with -в/-ла/-ло/-ли. Gender/number agreement: він писав, вона писала, вони писали. No person distinction.
สวาฮีลีWakati Uliopita (-li-)
A2Past tense formed with subject prefix + -li- + verb root. Indicates completed action: nilisoma (I read/studied), alikuja (he/she came). Negative past uses -ku-: sikusoma (I did not read).
เปอร์เซียماضی ساده
A2Formed with past stem + personal endings (-م, -ی, null, -یم, -ید, -ند). Past stem often differs from present stem. Regular: خواندم khāndam (I read). Negated with ن prefix: نخواندم.
อูรดูماضی مطلق
A2Formed with verb stem + ا/ی/ے/یں (gender/number agreement). Uses split-ergativity: transitive verbs take نے ne with the subject, and verb agrees with object. میں نے کتاب پڑھی (I read a book).
ไอริชAn Aimsir Chaite
A2Regular past tense: lenition of initial consonant, 'd'' before vowels/f. 1st conjugation adds nothing (short verbs) or -aigh (long). Negative: níor + lenition. Question: ar + lenition.
เวลส์Gorffennol gyda Gwneud
A2Periphrastic past tense using 'gwneud' (to do) as auxiliary: Wnes i ddarllen (I read), Wnest ti fynd? (Did you go?). The standard spoken past in modern Welsh.
บาสก์Lehenaldia
A2Past tense formed with the past forms of auxiliaries: nintzen (I was), nuen (I had it). Main verb stays in base form; the auxiliary carries the tense.
เมารีI (Wā Pahemo)
A2The particle 'i' before the verb marks simple past tense: 'I haere au' (I went). For past with continued relevance, 'kua' is used: 'Kua tae mai ia' (He/She has arrived).
คาตาลันContrast entre Temps Passats
B1Distinguishing periphrastic past (completed), present perfect (recent/relevant), and imperfect (habitual/descriptive). Understanding which past tense to use in context.
อังกฤษPast Simple Regular
A2Past simple for completed past actions. Regular verbs add -ed (worked, played). Spelling: -e→-ed, consonant-y→-ied, double final consonant. Same form for all persons.

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