Demonstratives in Thai
คำชี้เฉพาะ
This article is part of the Thai grammar tree on Settemila Lingue.
In Brief
Thai demonstratives normally come after the thing they identify. The core pattern is noun + classifier + นี้/นั้น/โน้น: รถคันนี้ means “this car,” literally “car + vehicle classifier + this.” For places, use ที่นี่ “here,” ที่นั่น “there,” and ที่โน่น/ที่โน้น “over there.”
Overview
Demonstratives are pointing words: English this, that, these, and those. Thai uses them to identify people and things according to distance or context. The most important forms are นี้ “this,” นั้น “that,” and โน้น “that over there.” Unlike English, Thai puts these words after the noun, not before it.
This A1 topic builds directly on classifiers. A classifier is a counting or grouping word used with a particular kind of noun. For example, คัน is used with vehicles and เล่ม with books. In careful, complete noun phrases, the classifier stands between the noun and the demonstrative: หนังสือเล่มนั้น “that book.” English has no direct equivalent in ordinary phrases such as “this book,” so this pattern needs deliberate practice.
Thai does not make a singular/plural contrast inside the demonstrative itself. English changes this to these and that to those; Thai keeps นี้ or นั้น, while a number, quantity word, or context shows whether one or several items are meant.
How It Works
The basic distance contrast
| Thai | Core meaning | Typical use |
|---|---|---|
| นี้ | this; these | close to the speaker, current, or immediately relevant |
| นั้น | that; those | farther away, already mentioned, or associated with the listener/context |
| โน้น | that/those over there | clearly distant from both speaker and listener |
The three-way contrast is more explicit than the usual English two-way contrast. English often uses “that” for both นั้น and โน้น. Thai โน้น adds the sense of pointing toward something noticeably farther away.
With a noun: noun + classifier + demonstrative
The safest beginner pattern is:
noun + classifier + demonstrative
| Structure | Thai | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| noun + classifier + นี้ | รถคันนี้ | this car |
| noun + classifier + นั้น | หนังสือเล่มนั้น | that book |
| noun + classifier + โน้น | บ้านหลังโน้น | that house over there |
The noun comes first because Thai normally adds identifying information after it. The classifier then singles out the relevant member of that noun category, and the demonstrative points to it.
Some frequent classifier combinations include:
| Noun type | Classifier | Example |
|---|---|---|
| people | คน | นักเรียนคนนี้ — this student |
| animals and many objects | ตัว | แมวตัวนั้น — that cat |
| vehicles | คัน | รถคันนี้ — this car |
| books and notebooks | เล่ม | หนังสือเล่มโน้น — that book over there |
| houses and buildings | หลัง | บ้านหลังนั้น — that house |
| tables, chairs, and some other objects | ตัว | โต๊ะตัวนี้ — this table |
Thai classifiers do not always match broad English categories neatly. Learn a common noun together with its classifier rather than trying to guess every classifier from shape alone.
People and nouns that resemble their classifiers
With people, คน can be both the noun “person” and the classifier for people. This creates compact forms:
- คนนี้ — this person
- คนนั้น — that person
- คนโน้น — that person over there
A more specific noun still comes before คน: ผู้หญิงคนนั้น “that woman,” ครูคนนี้ “this teacher.” The repeated-looking structure is not redundant: the first word names the person, while คน classifies that person.
Here, there, and over there
Place demonstratives are built with ที่, a word associated with place:
| Thai | Meaning | Distance |
|---|---|---|
| ที่นี่ | here | near the speaker |
| ที่นั่น | there | away from the speaker or previously mentioned |
| ที่โน่น / ที่โน้น | over there | clearly farther away |
These expressions can follow a verb or stand alone: ฉันทำงานที่นี่ “I work here”; รอที่นั่น “Wait there.” Do not insert a classifier into these location words.
Standalone “this” and “that”
When no noun is stated, Thai commonly uses นี่ “this/here it is” and นั่น “that/there it is,” or a classifier phrase such as อันนี้ and อันนั้น for things:
- นี่อะไร — What is this?
- นั่นคืออะไร — What is that?
- เอาอันนี้ — I’ll take this one.
- อันนั้นแพง — That one is expensive.
อัน is a broad classifier for many objects. It is useful when the exact noun is obvious or unimportant, but it should not replace the established classifier in every careful noun phrase.
One form for singular and plural
The demonstrative does not change for number:
- หนังสือเล่มนี้ — this book
- หนังสือสองเล่มนี้ — these two books
- คนเหล่านั้น — those people
With an exact number, the common sequence is noun + number + classifier + demonstrative, as in หนังสือสองเล่มนี้. The word เหล่า can mark a group, especially in เหล่านี้ “these” and เหล่านั้น “those,” but beginners can often rely on a number, a quantity expression, or context.
Time and previously mentioned situations
Distance can be figurative rather than physical. Thai uses demonstratives with time words and with ideas already present in the conversation:
- วันนี้ — today; literally “this day”
- คืนนี้ — tonight; literally “this night”
- ตอนนั้น — at that time
- วันนั้น — that day
- เรื่องนี้ — this matter / this story
- เรื่องนั้น — that matter / that story
These are highly frequent combinations. Treat fixed everyday words such as วันนี้ as complete units while still noticing the same “noun + demonstrative” logic.
Examples in Context
| Thai | English | Note |
|---|---|---|
| โต๊ะตัวนี้ว่าง | This table is free. | ตัว classifies the table. |
| รถคันนั้นเป็นของใคร | Whose car is that? | คัน is the vehicle classifier. |
| บ้านหลังโน้นสวยมาก | That house over there is very beautiful. | โน้น indicates clear distance. |
| คนนั้นเป็นใคร | Who is that person? | คน means and classifies “person.” |
| ฉันชอบหนังสือเล่มนี้ | I like this book. | The complete noun phrase follows the verb. |
| ขออันนี้ค่ะ | This one, please. | Polite request by a female speaker; the noun is understood. |
| นั่นคืออะไร | What is that? | นั่น stands alone as the thing being indicated. |
| เรากินข้าวที่นี่ | We eat here. | A location, not a noun modifier. |
| คุณรอที่นั่นนะ | Please wait there. | นะ softens the instruction. |
| ร้านอยู่ที่โน่น | The shop is over there. | The place is noticeably distant. |
| วันนี้อากาศร้อน | It is hot today. | A common time expression with นี้. |
| วันนั้นฝนตก | It rained that day. | Refers to a past day known from context. |
| หนังสือสองเล่มนี้เป็นของฉัน | These two books are mine. | Number + classifier appears before นี้. |
| ฉันไม่เข้าใจเรื่องนั้น | I don’t understand that matter. | นั้น points back to a topic, not a visible object. |
Common Mistakes
Putting the demonstrative before the noun
- Wrong: นี้รถ
- Right: รถคันนี้
- Why: English says “this car,” but Thai normally places the demonstrative last. In the full phrase, the classifier goes between the noun and นี้.
Leaving out the classifier in a careful noun phrase
- Less complete: หนังสือนี้
- Standard beginner pattern: หนังสือเล่มนี้
- Why: Classifier omission is possible in some styles and fixed combinations, but noun + classifier + demonstrative is the reliable pattern for identifying a concrete countable item.
Using the wrong classifier
- Wrong: รถตัวนี้
- Right: รถคันนี้
- Why: Vehicles normally take คัน, not the broad classifier ตัว. Memorize รถคัน..., หนังสือเล่ม..., and บ้านหลัง... as useful chunks.
Translating “these” with a new demonstrative form
- Wrong idea: Thai must change นี้ because there is more than one item.
- Right: หนังสือสองเล่มนี้ — these two books
- Why: นี้ itself does not mark singular or plural. The number สอง supplies the plural meaning.
Confusing a place with a thing
- Wrong: ฉันทำงานนี่ in a neutral beginner sentence
- Right: ฉันทำงานที่นี่
- Why: Use ที่นี่ for the location “here.” นี่ can stand alone or have presentational and discourse uses, but ที่นี่ is the safest ordinary location form.
Using นั้น when distance matters
- Possible but less precise: บ้านหลังนั้น for a house far across the landscape
- More precise: บ้านหลังโน้น
- Why: นั้น is general “that”; โน้น explicitly points to something farther away. Context and gesture can still make นั้น understandable.
Usage Notes
In real conversation, pointing, eye direction, and shared context do much of the work. A speaker may use นี้ for something currently being discussed even if it is not physically nearby, and นั้น for an earlier event or idea. Think of the contrast as conversational distance as well as distance in space.
Thai speech often shortens structures when the noun is obvious. In a shop, เอาอันนี้ “I’ll take this one” is more natural than repeating the product name. For people, คนนี้ and คนนั้น are already complete because คน serves as the noun “person.”
Demonstratives can sound abrupt only when the whole utterance is abrupt. Politeness usually comes from the sentence around them: particles such as ครับ or ค่ะ, a suitable pronoun, and a courteous request. For example, ขอดูอันนั้นหน่อยค่ะ means “Could I see that one, please?” The choice between นี้ and นั้น itself is mainly about reference, not politeness.
Written Thai often uses fuller, more explicit classifier phrases where casual speech can rely on context. However, combinations such as วันนี้, คืนนี้, ตอนนี้, and เรื่องนี้ are normal in every register and should not be expanded artificially.
Beyond the Basics / Advanced Use
You do not need to master the following distinctions at A1, but you will meet them often.
นี่ and นั่น as presentational or discourse words
นี่ and นั่น do more than point at objects. นี่คือ... introduces or identifies something: นี่คือเพื่อนของฉัน “This is my friend.” In conversation, นี่ can also draw attention to what follows, while นั่น can point back to a conclusion or previously mentioned fact. Tone of voice strongly affects these uses.
Compare:
- หนังสือเล่มนี้ — this book: นี้ modifies a noun phrase.
- นี่คือหนังสือของฉัน — this is my book: นี่ stands as the item being identified.
- หนังสืออยู่นี่ — the book is here: colloquial นี่ indicates the immediate location.
The forms look closely related, but their job in the sentence differs.
โน่น, โน้น, and colloquial นู่น
For “over there,” both โน่น and โน้น occur. You may also hear the colloquial pronunciation/spelling นู่น. Usage varies with the construction and speaker, and everyday speech does not always maintain a rigid textbook three-distance system. As a learner, recognize all of these while using โน้น after a classified noun and ที่โน่น or ที่โน้น for a distant place.
Contrast and emotional distance
A demonstrative can highlight contrast: เอาอันนี้ ไม่เอาอันนั้น means “Take this one, not that one.” With people or past events, “that” forms can also create rhetorical distance, but the effect depends on context and voice; คนนั้น is not inherently rude. Do not assign an emotional meaning without evidence from the wider conversation.
Groups with เหล่า
เหล่านี้ and เหล่านั้น identify groups: คนเหล่านี้ “these people,” ปัญหาเหล่านั้น “those problems.” This is useful in formal explanation and writing, while everyday speech may use a number, พวก as a group marker, or context instead. Learn these as plural group expressions rather than as mandatory plural versions of นี้ and นั้น.
Practice Tips
- Learn noun-classifier-demonstrative chunks. Make cards for รถคันนี้, หนังสือเล่มนั้น, แมวตัวนี้, and บ้านหลังโน้น. Changing only the final demonstrative trains distance without losing the classifier.
- Point around a real room. Name three nearby and distant objects using นี้, นั้น, and โน้น. Then ask อันนี้คืออะไร “What is this one?” and answer with the full noun phrase.
- Separate things, places, and times. Build three short lists: อันนี้/อันนั้น for things, ที่นี่/ที่นั่น for places, and วันนี้/วันนั้น/ตอนนั้น for time. This prevents English “this/that/there” from being mapped to one Thai form.
Related Concepts
- Prerequisite: Classifiers (Basic) — classifiers are the middle element in phrases such as รถคันนี้ and หนังสือเล่มนั้น.
Prerequisite
Basic Classifiers in ThaiA1More A1 concepts
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